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MW 45x20 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

cylindrical magnet

Catalog no 010071

GTIN/EAN: 5906301810704

5.00

Diameter Ø

45 mm [±0,1 mm]

Height

20 mm [±0,1 mm]

Weight

238.56 g

Magnetization Direction

↑ axial

Load capacity

60.94 kg / 597.79 N

Magnetic Induction

411.81 mT / 4118 Gs

Coating

[NiCuNi] Nickel

check properties »

84.45 ZŁ with VAT / pcs + price for transport

68.66 ZŁ net + 23% VAT / pcs

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Technical parameters of the product - MW 45x20 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

Specification / characteristics - MW 45x20 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

properties
properties values
Cat. no. 010071
GTIN/EAN 5906301810704
Production/Distribution Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Zielona 14 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki PL
Country of origin Poland / China / Germany
Customs code 85059029
Diameter Ø 45 mm [±0,1 mm]
Height 20 mm [±0,1 mm]
Weight 238.56 g
Magnetization Direction ↑ axial
Load capacity ~ ? 60.94 kg / 597.79 N
Magnetic Induction ~ ? 411.81 mT / 4118 Gs
Coating [NiCuNi] Nickel
Manufacturing Tolerance ±0.1 mm

Magnetic properties of material N38

Specification / characteristics MW 45x20 / N38 - cylindrical magnet
properties values units
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 12.2-12.6 kGs
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 1220-1260 mT
coercivity bHc ? 10.8-11.5 kOe
coercivity bHc ? 860-915 kA/m
actual internal force iHc ≥ 12 kOe
actual internal force iHc ≥ 955 kA/m
energy density [min. - max.] ? 36-38 BH max MGOe
energy density [min. - max.] ? 287-303 BH max KJ/m
max. temperature ? ≤ 80 °C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C
properties values units
Vickers hardness ≥550 Hv
Density ≥7.4 g/cm3
Curie Temperature TC 312 - 380 °C
Curie Temperature TF 593 - 716 °F
Specific resistance 150 μΩ⋅cm
Bending strength 250 MPa
Compressive strength 1000~1100 MPa
Thermal expansion parallel (∥) to orientation (M) (3-4) x 10-6 °C-1
Thermal expansion perpendicular (⊥) to orientation (M) -(1-3) x 10-6 °C-1
Young's modulus 1.7 x 104 kg/mm²

Technical analysis of the magnet - report

These values constitute the outcome of a physical analysis. Results are based on models for the material Nd2Fe14B. Real-world conditions might slightly differ. Treat these calculations as a supplementary guide during assembly planning.

Table 1: Static force (force vs gap) - interaction chart
MW 45x20 / N38

Distance (mm) Induction (Gauss) / mT Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Risk Status
0 mm 4117 Gs
411.7 mT
 60.94 kg / 134.35 lbs
60940.0 g / 597.8 N
 crushing
1 mm 3955 Gs
395.5 mT
 56.23 kg / 123.96 lbs
56228.7 g / 551.6 N
 crushing
2 mm 3786 Gs
378.6 mT
 51.51 kg / 113.57 lbs
51512.3 g / 505.3 N
 crushing
3 mm 3613 Gs
361.3 mT
 46.91 kg / 103.42 lbs
46911.0 g / 460.2 N
 crushing
5 mm 3263 Gs
326.3 mT
 38.28 kg / 84.40 lbs
38282.6 g / 375.6 N
 crushing
10 mm 2442 Gs
244.2 mT
 21.43 kg / 47.26 lbs
21434.6 g / 210.3 N
 crushing
15 mm 1776 Gs
177.6 mT
 11.34 kg / 25.00 lbs
11340.0 g / 111.2 N
 crushing
20 mm 1285 Gs
128.5 mT
 5.93 kg / 13.08 lbs
5932.8 g / 58.2 N
 warning
30 mm 694 Gs
69.4 mT
 1.73 kg / 3.82 lbs
1730.8 g / 17.0 N
 safe
50 mm 249 Gs
24.9 mT
 0.22 kg / 0.49 lbs
222.3 g / 2.2 N
 safe
Magnetic force drops significantly per each millimeter of gap. Remember that every additional insulation layer (e.g., dirt, varnish, rust) noticeably reduces the pull force. Magnets work optimally in perfect adhesion; distance kills the force. See how rapidly the parameters plummet, when the magnet does not touch tightly to the steel surface. When designing the arrangement, avoid additional spacers.

Table 2: Sliding capacity (wall)
MW 45x20 / N38

Distance (mm) Friction coefficient Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0 mm Stal (~0.2) 12.19 kg / 26.87 lbs
12188.0 g / 119.6 N
1 mm Stal (~0.2) 11.25 kg / 24.79 lbs
11246.0 g / 110.3 N
2 mm Stal (~0.2) 10.30 kg / 22.71 lbs
10302.0 g / 101.1 N
3 mm Stal (~0.2) 9.38 kg / 20.68 lbs
9382.0 g / 92.0 N
5 mm Stal (~0.2) 7.66 kg / 16.88 lbs
7656.0 g / 75.1 N
10 mm Stal (~0.2) 4.29 kg / 9.45 lbs
4286.0 g / 42.0 N
15 mm Stal (~0.2) 2.27 kg / 5.00 lbs
2268.0 g / 22.2 N
20 mm Stal (~0.2) 1.19 kg / 2.61 lbs
1186.0 g / 11.6 N
30 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.35 kg / 0.76 lbs
346.0 g / 3.4 N
50 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.04 kg / 0.10 lbs
44.0 g / 0.4 N
The table below calculates the theoretical holding capacity needed to initiate the slippage of the magnet down along a vertical steel wall (considering standard friction). The holding force varies with the air gap between the magnet and the surface.

Table 3: Vertical assembly (shearing) - behavior on slippery surfaces
MW 45x20 / N38

Surface type Friction coefficient / % Mocy Max load (kg/lbs/g/N)
Raw steel
µ = 0.3 30% Nominalnej Siły
18.28 kg / 40.30 lbs
18282.0 g / 179.3 N
Painted steel (standard)
µ = 0.2 20% Nominalnej Siły
12.19 kg / 26.87 lbs
12188.0 g / 119.6 N
Oily/slippery steel
µ = 0.1 10% Nominalnej Siły
6.09 kg / 13.43 lbs
6094.0 g / 59.8 N
Magnet with anti-slip rubber
µ = 0.5 50% Nominalnej Siły
30.47 kg / 67.17 lbs
30470.0 g / 298.9 N
When hanging a magnet on a vertical plane (e.g., a board), it will maintain just approx. 20%-30% of nominal attraction strength. Gravitational force as well as a weak degree of grip cause that holders slide down easier than they detach. Designing a hanger? Remember that the sliding force is much weaker than the perpendicular breakaway force. On a smooth steel, the element will give way down under a noticeably lighter cargo. Utilizing a rubberized coating can effectively raise the stability.

Table 4: Steel thickness (substrate influence) - sheet metal selection
MW 45x20 / N38

Steel thickness (mm) % power Real pull force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0.5 mm
3%
 2.03 kg / 4.48 lbs
2031.3 g / 19.9 N
1 mm
8%
 5.08 kg / 11.20 lbs
5078.3 g / 49.8 N
2 mm
17%
 10.16 kg / 22.39 lbs
10156.7 g / 99.6 N
3 mm
25%
 15.24 kg / 33.59 lbs
15235.0 g / 149.5 N
5 mm
42%
 25.39 kg / 55.98 lbs
25391.7 g / 249.1 N
10 mm
83%
 50.78 kg / 111.96 lbs
50783.3 g / 498.2 N
11 mm
92%
 55.86 kg / 123.15 lbs
55861.7 g / 548.0 N
12 mm
100%
 60.94 kg / 134.35 lbs
60940.0 g / 597.8 N
A thin metal plate is incapable of conduct the full magnetic flux, which weakens actual performance of the holder. Should you mount a strong magnet to a weak sheet, the magnetism will penetrate right through and the pull force will drop sharply. To utilize full efficiency of this magnet's potential, you need a suitably thick element of metal. The saturation effect causes that on thin elements (e.g., appliance housings), the holder shows lower pull force. We advise picking the steel dimension according to the table below.

Table 5: Thermal stability (stability) - power drop
MW 45x20 / N38

Ambient temp. (°C) Power loss Remaining pull (kg/lbs/g/N) Status
20 °C 0.0% 60.94 kg / 134.35 lbs
60940.0 g / 597.8 N
 OK
40 °C -2.2% 59.60 kg / 131.39 lbs
59599.3 g / 584.7 N
 OK
60 °C -4.4% 58.26 kg / 128.44 lbs
58258.6 g / 571.5 N
80 °C -6.6% 56.92 kg / 125.48 lbs
56918.0 g / 558.4 N
100 °C -28.8% 43.39 kg / 95.66 lbs
43389.3 g / 425.6 N
Ordinary NdFeB products change their properties power above the temperature limit. Avoid high temperatures – excessive heat can irreversibly destroy this product. With every degree above norm, the neodymium's force temporarily drops. Refrain from using this magnet near heat sources exceeding its safe range. Ignoring the limit will lead to permanent loss of magnetic properties.
*Engineering note: Heat tolerance depends not only on the material grade, as well as the dimension ratios. Low-profile magnets (low Pc) may lose charge permanently under lower heat stress compared to rod magnets. Red status in the table indicates a risk of irreversible loss for this specific geometry.

Table 6: Two magnets (repulsion) - field collision
MW 45x20 / N38

Gap (mm) Attraction (kg/lbs) (N-S) Shear Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Repulsion (kg/lbs) (N-N)
0 mm 166.23 kg / 366.47 lbs
5 401 Gs
24.93 kg / 54.97 lbs
24934 g / 244.6 N
 N/A
1 mm 159.87 kg / 352.45 lbs
8 076 Gs
23.98 kg / 52.87 lbs
23980 g / 235.2 N
 143.88 kg / 317.20 lbs
~0 Gs
2 mm 153.38 kg / 338.14 lbs
7 910 Gs
23.01 kg / 50.72 lbs
23007 g / 225.7 N
 138.04 kg / 304.33 lbs
~0 Gs
3 mm 146.92 kg / 323.90 lbs
7 742 Gs
22.04 kg / 48.58 lbs
22038 g / 216.2 N
 132.23 kg / 291.51 lbs
~0 Gs
5 mm 134.19 kg / 295.83 lbs
7 399 Gs
20.13 kg / 44.37 lbs
20128 g / 197.5 N
 120.77 kg / 266.25 lbs
~0 Gs
10 mm 104.43 kg / 230.22 lbs
6 527 Gs
15.66 kg / 34.53 lbs
15664 g / 153.7 N
 93.98 kg / 207.20 lbs
~0 Gs
20 mm 58.47 kg / 128.90 lbs
4 884 Gs
8.77 kg / 19.34 lbs
8770 g / 86.0 N
 52.62 kg / 116.01 lbs
~0 Gs
50 mm 8.61 kg / 18.98 lbs
1 874 Gs
1.29 kg / 2.85 lbs
1291 g / 12.7 N
 7.75 kg / 17.08 lbs
~0 Gs
60 mm 4.72 kg / 10.41 lbs
1 388 Gs
0.71 kg / 1.56 lbs
708 g / 6.9 N
 4.25 kg / 9.37 lbs
~0 Gs
70 mm 2.68 kg / 5.91 lbs
1 046 Gs
0.40 kg / 0.89 lbs
402 g / 3.9 N
 2.41 kg / 5.32 lbs
~0 Gs
80 mm 1.58 kg / 3.48 lbs
803 Gs
0.24 kg / 0.52 lbs
237 g / 2.3 N
 1.42 kg / 3.14 lbs
~0 Gs
90 mm 0.96 kg / 2.12 lbs
627 Gs
0.14 kg / 0.32 lbs
145 g / 1.4 N
 0.87 kg / 1.91 lbs
~0 Gs
100 mm 0.61 kg / 1.34 lbs
497 Gs
0.09 kg / 0.20 lbs
91 g / 0.9 N
 0.55 kg / 1.20 lbs
~0 Gs
Two strong neodymiums attract each other from a much further distance than a magnet and steel combination. The connection of two magnets generates a stronger field and a further horizon of performance. Designing a solid fastener? Utilize two neodymiums instead of one magnet and a striker plate. Be careful that when attracting two neodymiums, the pinch force is huge. The levitation is marginally weaker than the connection force, but still large.
*The magnetic induction in repulsion mode drops to ~0 Gs in the exact middle between the magnets (caused by magnetic field nullification).
* Results demonstrate sliding force of two matching magnets (friction ~0.15 for Ni-Ni coating).

Table 7: Safety (HSE) (electronics) - warnings
MW 45x20 / N38

Object / Device Limit (Gauss) / mT Safe distance
Pacemaker 5 Gs (0.5 mT) 22.5 cm
Hearing aid 10 Gs (1.0 mT) 17.5 cm
Mechanical watch 20 Gs (2.0 mT) 14.0 cm
Mobile device 40 Gs (4.0 mT) 10.5 cm
Car key 50 Gs (5.0 mT) 10.0 cm
Payment card 400 Gs (40.0 mT) 4.5 cm
HDD hard drive 600 Gs (60.0 mT) 3.5 cm
A strong magnetic field poses a real danger to electronic devices as well as medical implants. These magnets generate a field that destroys function of sensitive medical devices. Notice: the invisible magnetic field penetrates the body and plastic. Special caution must be exercised by people with hearing aids and drug dispensers. Influence will be felt by: automatic timepieces, car keys, speakers, and displays. Do not bring the product near payment cards, HDD media, or sensitive navigation tools.

Table 8: Dynamics (cracking risk) - collision effects
MW 45x20 / N38

Start from (mm) Speed (km/h) Energy (J) Predicted outcome
10 mm 19.34 km/h
(5.37 m/s)
 3.44 J
30 mm 28.41 km/h
(7.89 m/s)
 7.43 J
50 mm 36.12 km/h
(10.03 m/s)
 12.01 J
100 mm 50.98 km/h
(14.16 m/s)
 23.92 J
NdFeB products are delicate – a violent impact against metal risks their cracking. Pay attention to connection velocity – a neodymium left loose turns into a projectile. Striking energy can trigger coating fragments or injury to skin. Hold the magnet firmly during mounting so it doesn't slam with momentum against the steel surface. A contact at a velocity of dozens of km/h means shattering of the magnet. Wear safety glasses when working with powerful specimens.

Table 9: Anti-corrosion coating durability
MW 45x20 / N38

Technical parameter Value / Description
Coating type [NiCuNi] Nickel
Layer structure Nickel - Copper - Nickel
Layer thickness 10-20 µm
Salt spray test (SST) ? 24 h
Recommended environment Indoors only (dry)
The SST (salt spray test) is an industry standard for determining coating lifespan in harsh conditions. Moisture resistance is crucial for installations in bathrooms or outdoors.

Table 10: Electrical data (Pc)
MW 45x20 / N38

Parameter Value SI Unit / Description
Magnetic Flux 66 952 Mx 669.5 µWb
Pc Coefficient 0.54 Low (Flat)
Total magnetic flux emitted by the pole surface. Essential parameter when building generators as well as sensors. Pc value defines the magnet's operating point.

Table 11: Submerged application
MW 45x20 / N38

Environment Effective steel pull Effect
Air (land) 60.94 kg Standard
Water (riverbed) 69.78 kg
(+8.84 kg buoyancy gain)
+14.5%
Warning: Standard nickel requires drying after every contact with moisture; lack of maintenance will lead to rust spots.
In water, the magnet feels stronger thanks to Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy helps in lifting finds.
1. Vertical hold

*Caution: On a vertical wall, the magnet retains merely a fraction of its perpendicular strength.

2. Plate thickness effect

*Thin metal sheet (e.g. 0.5mm PC case) drastically weakens the holding force.

3. Temperature resistance

*For standard magnets, the max working temp is 80°C.

4. Demagnetization curve and operating point (B-H)

chart generated for the permeance coefficient Pc (Permeance Coefficient) = 0.54

The chart above illustrates the magnetic characteristics of the material within the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. The solid red line represents the demagnetization curve (material potential), while the dashed blue line is the load line based on the magnet's geometry. The Pc (Permeance Coefficient), also known as the load line slope, is a dimensionless value that describes the relationship between the magnet's shape and its magnetic stability. The intersection of these two lines (the black dot) is the operating point — it determines the actual magnetic flux density generated by the magnet in this specific configuration. A higher Pc value means the magnet is more 'slender' (tall relative to its area), resulting in a higher operating point and better resistance to irreversible demagnetization caused by external fields or temperature. A value of 0.42 is relatively low (typical for flat magnets), meaning the operating point is closer to the 'knee' of the curve — caution is advised when operating at temperatures near the maximum limit to avoid strength loss.

Engineering data and GPSR
Material specification
iron (Fe) 64% – 68%
neodymium (Nd) 29% – 32%
boron (B) 1.1% – 1.2%
dysprosium (Dy) 0.5% – 2.0%
coating (Ni-Cu-Ni) < 0.05%
Ecology and recycling (GPSR)
recyclability (EoL) 100%
recycled raw materials ~10% (pre-cons)
carbon footprint low / zredukowany
waste code (EWC) 16 02 16
Safety card (GPSR)
responsible entity
Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Kościuszki 6A, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki
tel: +48 22 499 98 98 | e-mail: bok@dhit.pl
batch number/type
id: 010071-2026
Magnet Unit Converter
Pulling force
Field Strength
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This product is an exceptionally strong cylindrical magnet, manufactured from durable NdFeB material, which, at dimensions of Ø45x20 mm, guarantees maximum efficiency. The MW 45x20 / N38 component boasts high dimensional repeatability and professional build quality, making it an ideal solution for the most demanding engineers and designers. As a magnetic rod with significant force (approx. 60.94 kg), this product is in stock from our warehouse in Poland, ensuring quick order fulfillment. Furthermore, its triple-layer Ni-Cu-Ni coating shields it against corrosion in typical operating conditions, ensuring an aesthetic appearance and durability for years.
It finds application in modeling, advanced robotics, and broadly understood industry, serving as a positioning or actuating element. Thanks to the high power of 597.79 N with a weight of only 238.56 g, this cylindrical magnet is indispensable in electronics and wherever low weight is crucial.
Since our magnets have a very precise dimensions, the recommended way is to glue them into holes with a slightly larger diameter (e.g., 45.1 mm) using two-component epoxy glues. To ensure stability in automation, specialized industrial adhesives are used, which are safe for nickel and fill the gap, guaranteeing durability of the connection.
Grade N38 is the most popular standard for industrial neodymium magnets, offering a great economic balance and high resistance to demagnetization. If you need the strongest magnets in the same volume (Ø45x20), contact us regarding higher grades (e.g., N50, N52), however, N38 is the standard in continuous sale in our store.
The presented product is a neodymium magnet with precisely defined parameters: diameter 45 mm and height 20 mm. The key parameter here is the lifting capacity amounting to approximately 60.94 kg (force ~597.79 N), which, with such defined dimensions, proves the high grade of the NdFeB material. The product has a [NiCuNi] coating, which protects the surface against oxidation, giving it an aesthetic, silvery shine.
This rod magnet is magnetized axially (along the height of 20 mm), which means that the N and S poles are located on the flat, circular surfaces. Such an arrangement is most desirable when connecting magnets in stacks (e.g., in filters) or when mounting in sockets at the bottom of a hole. On request, we can also produce versions magnetized diametrically if your project requires it.

Strengths as well as weaknesses of neodymium magnets.

Benefits

In addition to their magnetic efficiency, neodymium magnets provide the following advantages:
  • They virtually do not lose strength, because even after ten years the decline in efficiency is only ~1% (in laboratory conditions),
  • Magnets effectively protect themselves against demagnetization caused by foreign field sources,
  • In other words, due to the glossy finish of gold, the element is aesthetically pleasing,
  • Neodymium magnets create maximum magnetic induction on a contact point, which ensures high operational effectiveness,
  • Due to their durability and thermal resistance, neodymium magnets can operate (depending on the shape) even at high temperatures reaching 230°C or more...
  • Possibility of individual modeling and modifying to individual conditions,
  • Key role in modern industrial fields – they serve a role in hard drives, brushless drives, medical equipment, also technologically advanced constructions.
  • Relatively small size with high pulling force – neodymium magnets offer high power in compact dimensions, which enables their usage in small systems

Cons

Drawbacks and weaknesses of neodymium magnets: tips and applications.
  • Susceptibility to cracking is one of their disadvantages. Upon strong impact they can break. We advise keeping them in a strong case, which not only protects them against impacts but also increases their durability
  • Neodymium magnets lose their force under the influence of heating. As soon as 80°C is exceeded, many of them start losing their power. Therefore, we recommend our special magnets marked [AH], which maintain durability even at temperatures up to 230°C
  • They oxidize in a humid environment - during use outdoors we advise using waterproof magnets e.g. in rubber, plastic
  • We suggest a housing - magnetic holder, due to difficulties in creating threads inside the magnet and complicated forms.
  • Health risk to health – tiny shards of magnets can be dangerous, when accidentally swallowed, which becomes key in the context of child health protection. Additionally, small elements of these magnets can disrupt the diagnostic process medical in case of swallowing.
  • Higher cost of purchase is a significant factor to consider compared to ceramic magnets, especially in budget applications

Lifting parameters

Best holding force of the magnet in ideal parameters – what contributes to it?

Information about lifting capacity was determined for the most favorable conditions, assuming:
  • using a base made of low-carbon steel, acting as a ideal flux conductor
  • with a thickness of at least 10 mm
  • with an polished contact surface
  • without any air gap between the magnet and steel
  • under axial application of breakaway force (90-degree angle)
  • in neutral thermal conditions

Lifting capacity in practice – influencing factors

It is worth knowing that the magnet holding will differ subject to the following factors, in order of importance:
  • Clearance – the presence of foreign body (paint, dirt, gap) interrupts the magnetic circuit, which reduces power steeply (even by 50% at 0.5 mm).
  • Direction of force – highest force is obtained only during pulling at a 90° angle. The force required to slide of the magnet along the surface is usually several times lower (approx. 1/5 of the lifting capacity).
  • Plate thickness – too thin sheet does not accept the full field, causing part of the flux to be escaped into the air.
  • Metal type – different alloys attracts identically. High carbon content worsen the interaction with the magnet.
  • Surface finish – full contact is obtained only on polished steel. Any scratches and bumps reduce the real contact area, weakening the magnet.
  • Thermal factor – high temperature reduces magnetic field. Exceeding the limit temperature can permanently damage the magnet.

Lifting capacity was assessed by applying a steel plate with a smooth surface of suitable thickness (min. 20 mm), under perpendicular pulling force, however under shearing force the lifting capacity is smaller. Moreover, even a slight gap between the magnet’s surface and the plate lowers the holding force.

H&S for magnets
Warning for allergy sufferers

Studies show that nickel (standard magnet coating) is a strong allergen. If your skin reacts to metals, avoid touching magnets with bare hands or select coated magnets.

Bone fractures

Protect your hands. Two powerful magnets will snap together instantly with a force of several hundred kilograms, crushing everything in their path. Exercise extreme caution!

Precision electronics

GPS units and smartphones are highly susceptible to magnetic fields. Direct contact with a powerful NdFeB magnet can ruin the sensors in your phone.

Choking Hazard

NdFeB magnets are not suitable for play. Accidental ingestion of a few magnets can lead to them connecting inside the digestive tract, which poses a critical condition and necessitates immediate surgery.

ICD Warning

For implant holders: Strong magnetic fields disrupt electronics. Maintain at least 30 cm distance or ask another person to work with the magnets.

Electronic devices

Intense magnetic fields can corrupt files on payment cards, HDDs, and other magnetic media. Keep a distance of min. 10 cm.

Mechanical processing

Fire warning: Neodymium dust is explosive. Avoid machining magnets without safety gear as this risks ignition.

Handling rules

Handle with care. Neodymium magnets attract from a distance and connect with huge force, often faster than you can react.

Power loss in heat

Do not overheat. Neodymium magnets are sensitive to temperature. If you need resistance above 80°C, inquire about special high-temperature series (H, SH, UH).

Fragile material

Neodymium magnets are sintered ceramics, which means they are prone to chipping. Impact of two magnets will cause them breaking into small pieces.

Safety First! Learn more about hazards in the article: Magnet Safety Guide.