Glossary of magnetic terminology
How to navigate the world of neodymium magnets?
Warm greetings to our detailed glossary dedicated to the fascinating world of neodymium magnets. As a leading expert in providing top-notch magnetic solutions, we understand how important it is to have a deep understanding about the terminology in this exceptional field. This glossary has been meticulously prepared to serve as an invaluable source of information for everyone who is keen on magnets – whether or not you are an expert, a hobbyist, or an enthusiast the knowledge of magnets.
In our glossary, you will find readable and comprehensive explanations of important notions and subjects related to neodymium magnets. From the basics of field mechanics and flux density, to behavioral trends and material grades, each definition has been crafted to expand your understanding and ease the comprehension of even the intricate ideas. Regardless of whether you are exploring industrial applications, conducting scientific experiments, or simply curious magnetism, this glossary is here to help you navigate.
Explore the amazing world of neodymium magnets effortlessly. Learn more, gain fresh perspectives, and unlock the potential of these indispensable materials, understanding terms and ideas that define their functionality and utility. Consider this glossary as your partner in delving into the developing domain of magnetic technology.
Litera: A
The air gap is the distance or another non-magnetic material that separates a magnet from a ferromagnetic material. Increasing the gap weakens the attractive force. Formula: B = μ0(H - M), where:
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
An anisotropic material, e.g., neodymium magnets, has properties that vary with direction. Magnets with a preferred magnetization direction are stronger than uniform magnets, but they can only be magnetized along a specific axis.
Annealing is a heat treatment process in magnetic materials. It is performed under controlled conditions, usually in a vacuum to prevent material degradation. Annealing improves the structure and allows for better performance in applications.
Axial magnetization means that the magnetic poles are located at opposite ends of the magnet, and the magnetic field lines run parallel to its axis. This configuration is popular in cylindrical and spherical magnets. Formula: Bz = (Br/2) × [(L + 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5 - (L - 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5].
Litera: B
Magnetic induction B is the field intensity passing through a unit area. It is measured in teslas. Formula: B = μ0(H + M), where:
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
The hysteresis loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and field strength. It helps determine properties like coercivity. The hysteresis loop is a fundamental tool in evaluating materials used in transformers.
Remanent induction Bd is the remaining magnetization in a material after the external magnetic field is removed. It is measured in teslas and represents the material's ability to retain magnetism.
The slope of the operating line, denoted as Bd/Hd, is the ratio of remanent induction to demagnetizing force. Formula: Bd/Hd = (Br - Hd) / Hd. This is a key parameter in the design of electromagnetic systems.
Bg represents the level of magnetic field in the air gap. It is a critical parameter in designing devices based on magnetic circuits. Formula: Bg = Φ / A, where:
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Litera: C
The C.G.S. system of units is one of the oldest measurement systems. Although it has been replaced by the MKSA (SI) system, C.G.S. is still relevant in historical and specialized analyses. This system includes units for as well as length, mass, and time.
A closed circuit refers to a configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop. It uses high-permeability materials to ensure minimized flux losses. Such circuits are essential in applications requiring controlled magnetic fields.
Coercive force, denoted as Hc, is the field intensity required to reduce magnetic induction to zero. This parameter measures the material's resistance to demagnetization. Formula: Hc = -M/χ, where:
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
High coercivity indicates the durability of a material's magnetic properties. It also affects magnetic stability under varying conditions.
Intrinsic coercivity, denoted as Hci or iHc, represents the ability to maintain its magnetic properties. It measures the demagnetizing force required to reduce internal magnetization to zero. Materials with high coercivity offer magnetic stability.
Curie temperature is the point at which ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetic properties. Beyond this temperature, the magnetic structure becomes disordered. Formula: Tc = (2kB / μ0) × J02 / χ, where:
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
Litera: D
Demagnetization refers to the process of weakening residual induction in a material. Methods include or employing demagnetization techniques such as degaussing. This process is essential in applications requiring precise control of magnetization.
The demagnetization curve illustrates the relationship through cycles of magnetization and demagnetization. It reveals the material's hysteresis characteristics, including coercivity and remanent induction. This tool is vital for analyzing magnetic material characteristics.
Demagnetization force refers to the opposing magnetic field that induces demagnetization. This force allows for controlling the level of magnetization in materials.
A demagnetized material is one where all residual magnetization has been removed. This state is achieved through applying alternating magnetic fields. Demagnetization is important in applications requiring neutral magnetic properties.
approximately 7.5 g/cm³, is one of the key parameters defining its magnetic properties. Density can be easily calculated using the formula:
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Knowing the density helps predict the magnet's strength and durability.
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Knowing the density helps predict the magnet's strength and durability.
Diamagnetic materials exhibit weak repulsion to magnetic fields. When exposed to an external field, they generate an opposing field. This behavior results from creating a counteracting magnetic field.
Diameter refers to the distance between the farthest points across the surface of a disc, ring, or spherical magnet. It is a critical parameter in ensuring precise component alignment.
Diametrically magnetized magnets have poles located on opposite sides of the diameter. They are commonly used in applications requiring unique magnetic field configurations.
Dimensional tolerance specifies the range of variation in magnet size. It is crucial for precise fitting.
Dimensions refer to the measurable physical properties of a magnet. Precision in measurements is essential for system design.
The direction of magnetization defines the orientation of magnetic domains. This is a critical feature that affects the material's magnetic behavior.
Domains are microscopic regions where creating localized magnetic fields. They can be altered by physical and mechanical factors.
Litera: E
Eddy currents are electrical currents induced in conductive materials when exposed to changing magnetic fields. They cause energy losses, heating, or resistive effects. The use of optimized designs minimizes their negative effects.
An electromagnet is a magnet created by passing an electric current through a conductor. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current. Electromagnets are applied in industries and technologies.
The energy product is an indicator of a magnet's ability to supply energy. It is calculated as the product of magnetic induction (Bd) and magnetizing force (Hd). Expressed in various units, it is an essential measure for evaluating the performance and strength of magnets.
The energy product represents the maximum energy stored in a magnet. This parameter is essential in evaluating the performance and strength of a magnet in industrial applications.
Litera: F
Ferrites are substances primarily composed of iron oxide (Fe2O3). They combine low electrical conductivity with high magnetic permeability. Used in transformers, inductors, and telecommunication devices.
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by strong magnetic properties. In such materials, atoms align parallel under an external magnetic field. Examples include and their alloys. These materials are fundamental due to their permanent magnetic properties.
Flux density, denoted as B, defines the strength of the magnetic field. Measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G), it is a crucial parameter for designing magnetic systems.
A fluxmeter is used to quantify the magnetic field strength. It employs various technologies such as to provide precise measurements. It is essential for diagnostics and design.
Litera: G
Gauss is a unit of magnetic induction. One Gauss (G) equals 10^-4 Tesla (T). Commonly used in laboratory applications.
A Gauss meter is a instrument used to determine induction at points in space. or other techniques to read values in Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). It is used in many branches of engineering and science.
The Gilbert is named after William Gilbert, a pioneer in magnetic research. One Gilbert represents an older measure now replaced by ampere-turns (At) in the SI system.
The grade of a magnet refers to its magnetic properties, such as BHmax or Hc. Higher grades offer better magnetic fields and stability.
Litera: H
Used for measuring magnetic fields and detecting position. These devices play a crucial role in industrial automation and precision measurements.
Coercive force (Hc) represents a measure of a material's resistance to demagnetization. Expressed in oersteds (Oe) or kiloamperes per meter (kA/m), higher Hc values indicate resistance to external influences.
Hd denotes the magnetic field strength required to achieve a specific remanent induction (Bd). Measured in oersteds (Oe) or kiloamperes per meter (kA/m).
A high field gradient magnet produces strong and rapidly changing magnetic fields. Applications include and scientific research requiring advanced field parameters.
Hm represents the maximum applied magnetic field strength before a material reaches saturation. It is critical for assessing stability and operational limits of magnetic components.
A homogeneous field is characterized by constant strength and direction. It is such as spectroscopy or device calibration.
A horseshoe magnet has its poles placed close together. and applications requiring focused magnetic fields.
Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to the field needed to fully magnetize a material to saturation. Measured in units of magnetic force.
The hysteresis graph, also called a permeameter, illustrates changes in magnetic induction (B) as a function of magnetizing force (H). It is used in quality control, energy loss analysis.
The hysteresis loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It provides information about energy losses, coercivity, and energy storage capacity.
Hysteresis refers to a characteristic of magnetic materials. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost as heat during magnetization and demagnetization cycles. Minimizing hysteresis loss improves the efficiency of magnetic systems.
Litera: I
Inner diameter (ID) refers to the internal dimension of a hollow object, such as a magnet, tube, or ring. It is critical for component fitment.
Magnetic induction (B) describes the strength of the magnetic field in a material or space. It is measured in standard SI units. Essential for designing and analyzing magnetic systems.
Irreversible losses refer to a permanent reduction in a material's magnetization. They result in a decrease in magnetic properties and performance.
An isotropic material is independent of magnetic field orientation. used in applications requiring uniform magnetic behavior.
Litera: K
A keeper is a soft iron or ferromagnetic element placed on or between the poles of a permanent magnet. helps maintain the magnet's strength. Used primarily with historical magnet models.
Kilogauss (kG) is a unit used to express magnetic induction or flux density. 1 kilogauss = 1000 Gauss. and industrial sectors requiring strong magnetic fields.
Litera: L
The load line represents a graphical relationship between remanent induction (Bd) and demagnetizing force (Hd). Helps evaluate magnetic material behavior and stability.
Lodestone is the first known natural magnet. Historically used for compasses.
Litera: M
A magnet is an object producing a magnetic field with magnetic poles. Can be natural, like lodestone, or artificial, such as neodymium.
A magnetic assembly is designed to achieve specific magnetic properties. Used in sensors, magnetic separators.
The magnetic axis is the preferred path of magnetic flux. It connects the poles of the magnet and defines the orientation of its magnetic field.
A magnetic circuit is a path through which magnetic flux flows. Comprises magnetic materials, air gaps, and other components.
Magnetic energy is the potential of the magnetic field to perform work. Important in applications like magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic generators.
A magnetic field (B) is a fundamental electromagnetic phenomenon. created by magnets or electric currents.
Magnetic field strength (H) is the intensity of the magnetic field in a circuit. Depends on the current flowing through the conductor.
Magnetic flux is a measure of the total magnetic field in a given region. Expressed in webers (Wb).
Magnetic flux density, denoted as B, is a measure of the strength or concentration of a magnetic field. It represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area.
The equation for it is:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
Magnetic flux density is critical for designing devices like motors, generators, or magnetic sensors.
The equation for it is:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
Magnetic flux density is critical for designing devices like motors, generators, or magnetic sensors.
Provides key data such as remanence and coercivity. Materials with a narrower loop have lower energy losses.
Magnetic induction measures the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area. Higher induction values indicate stronger magnetic fields.
A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is the path showing how magnetic poles would move within the field. lines form closed loops for most magnets.
A magnetic path refers to a configuration involving magnetic materials, air gaps, and other elements. minimizes magnetic losses.
A key parameter in the design of magnetic circuits. Their use enhances the efficiency of magnet-based systems.
Magnetic poles are regions where the magnetic field is strongest. Pole polarity determines attraction and repulsion forces between magnets.
Beyond saturation, further increases in the external field do not enhance magnetization. This parameter is vital when selecting materials for high-field applications.
Magnetization refers to the result of aligning atomic or molecular magnetic moments in a preferred orientation. It can be achieved by exposure to a magnetic field, electric current flow, or contact with other magnets.
Magnetization is the process of imparting magnetic properties to a material by aligning its magnetic domains. Control over the magnetization process enables achieving optimal parameters.
A magnetization curve, also called a B-H curve or demagnetization curve, represents a graphical depiction of a material's magnetic properties. Provides critical insights into material characteristics, saturation, and magnetic stability.
Magnetized refers to the state of a material possessing a magnetic field or being magnetized. This state can be achieved through exposure to a magnetic field, contact with magnets, or electric current flow.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) is a measure of the difference in magnetic potential. Expressed in ampere-turns (At) or gilberts (Gb).
In magnetism, material refers to a substance exhibiting magnetic properties or influenced by a magnetic field. The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its atomic and molecular structure.
Maximum energy product, denoted as BHmax, represents the peak capability of a magnet to store and release magnetic energy.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
Maximum operating temperature (Tmax) is a crucial parameter for applications in high-temperature environments. Temperatures exceeding Tmax may result in material demagnetization.
Maxwell is represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface area of one square centimeter in a magnetic field of one gauss. critical for historical and scientific magnetic applications.
Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) is a unit used to express the amount of magnetic energy stored in a magnet per unit volume. 1 MGOe equals one million gauss-oersteds, making it a convenient unit for comparing magnet strength and performance in industrial applications.
A monopole refers to a hypothetical single magnetic pole existing independently as either a north or south magnetic pole. So far, monopoles have not been observed in nature.
Litera: N
N rating refers to the classification of neodymium magnets based on their magnetic properties and performance. These ratings assist users in selecting appropriate magnets for specific applications.
The north pole is the pole that, when freely suspended, points toward the Earth's geographic North Pole. associated with the direction of outgoing magnetic field lines.
Litera: O
Oersted is named after Hans Christian Oersted, who discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. mainly used in the CGS system.
An open circuit refers to a condition where a magnetic circuit is not closed or complete. open circuits may occur due to air gaps or insufficient magnetic materials.
Orientation refers to determines the direction and distribution of the magnetic field or flux. Proper orientation is critical to achieving desired magnetic properties and optimizing magnetic systems.
Litera: P
Paramagnetic materials are become magnetized in the direction of the external field due to the alignment of atomic or molecular magnetic moments. The magnetism of these materials vanishes when the external field is removed, distinguishing them from ferromagnetic materials.
Paramagnetism is a property of materials weakly attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetism disappears once the external field is removed, due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
A permanent magnet is a material or object that retains its magnetic properties indefinitely. It is made from materials with strong magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys.
They are made from materials with high magnetic retention. They are used in devices requiring a constant magnetic field, such as speakers, motors, and generators.
Magnetic permeability is a property of a material determining its ability to conduct magnetic flux. High permeability enables efficient transmission of magnetic flux, critical for designing magnetic circuits.
Permeance, denoted by the symbol P, describes the ease with which magnetic flux can flow through a specific magnetic circuit.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For a material with μ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, A = 0.01 m², and l = 0.1 m, permeance is 1.26 × 10⁻⁵ H.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For a material with μ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, A = 0.01 m², and l = 0.1 m, permeance is 1.26 × 10⁻⁵ H.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
indicates the slope of the operating line on the demagnetization curve. is important for designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Provides protection against corrosion, oxidation, and demagnetization, enhancing the durability of magnets. Thanks to coatings, magnets can be used in harsh environmental conditions.
like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract. Understanding the polarity of magnets is crucial for their proper application and alignment in various magnetic systems.
A magnetic pole refers to one of the two ends of a magnet where the magnetic field is strongest: north or south. define how magnets behave in external fields.
Pull force, sometimes referred to as gripping force, describes a magnet's ability to maintain attachment. It can be estimated using the formula:
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
Litera: R
these magnets are known for their exceptional magnetic properties and wide applications. form the basis of innovative technological solutions.
Rare earth magnets, such as neodymium, are known for their exceptional magnetic strength. These magnets are used in industries, medicine, and electronics where strong magnetic fields are required.
Relative permeability is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized compared to a vacuum. is a crucial parameter in magnetic engineering.
the magnetic equivalent of electrical resistance in current circuits. is a significant parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic systems.
Magnetic resistance, denoted by the symbol R, measures a magnetic circuit's opposition to magnetic flux.
Reluctance can be calculated using the formula:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
For example, with l = 0.2 m, μ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, and A = 0.01 m², the reluctance is approximately 1.59 × 10⁶ 1/H.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
Reluctance can be calculated using the formula:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
For example, with l = 0.2 m, μ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, and A = 0.01 m², the reluctance is approximately 1.59 × 10⁶ 1/H.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
Residual magnetism indicates the magnet's ability to retain its magnetic properties over time. It is a key parameter in evaluating the strength and performance of the magnet.
This occurs due to opposing magnetic fields generated by the magnets, causing them to repel each other. The repulsive force is proportional to the magnetic strength and distance between the magnets.
The return path in a magnetic circuit involving neodymium magnets refers to the route through which the magnetic flux travels to complete the magnetic circuit. Is a critical component in designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Litera: S
Shearing force, denoted by the symbol Fs, refers to the force required to displace a magnet along the contact surface in a direction parallel to the contact plane.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
For example, if F = 50 N and the angle θ = 30°, the shear force is approximately 28.9 N.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
For example, if F = 50 N and the angle θ = 30°, the shear force is approximately 28.9 N.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
The south pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. Magnetic field lines flow from the north pole to the south pole, defining interaction properties.
Stacking refers to the practice of combining multiple neodymium magnets to create an assembly with increased overall magnetic strength. Stacking magnets is commonly employed in applications requiring high magnetic strength.
Litera: T
Neodymium magnets can produce high levels of magnetic field strength, measured in teslas (T) or subunits like milliteslas (mT). The unit is named after Nikola Tesla, a renowned inventor and physicist whose work revolutionized electromagnetism.
Anisotropic magnets have a specific direction of magnetization, ensuring higher efficiency compared to isotropic magnets. Anisotropic magnets are used in precise devices like electric motors.
Litera: W
Weber is the unit of magnetic flux, representing the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a specific area. Useful in analyzing magnet effectiveness in applications like generators, motors, and energy storage systems.
The weight of a neodymium magnet is a critical factor influencing its applications. It can be simply determined based on its density and volume using the formula:
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Knowing the weight is crucial in projects where balance between mass and magnetic force is important.
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Knowing the weight is crucial in projects where balance between mass and magnetic force is important.