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MPL 50x20x10 / N38 - lamellar magnet

lamellar magnet

Catalog no 020165

GTIN/EAN: 5906301811718

5.00

length

50 mm [±0,1 mm]

Width

20 mm [±0,1 mm]

Height

10 mm [±0,1 mm]

Weight

75 g

Magnetization Direction

↑ axial

Load capacity

29.99 kg / 294.15 N

Magnetic Induction

337.18 mT / 3372 Gs

Coating

[NiCuNi] Nickel

see technical specifications »

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Engineering report for this magnet

Full PDF analysis: pull and shear force, effect of distance, temperature and plate thickness, safety distances and the demagnetization curve.

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Technical - MPL 50x20x10 / N38 - lamellar magnet

Specification / characteristics - MPL 50x20x10 / N38 - lamellar magnet

properties
properties values
Cat. no. 020165
GTIN/EAN 5906301811718
Production/Distribution Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Zielona 14 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki PL
Country of origin Poland / China / Germany
Customs code 85059029
length 50 mm [±0,1 mm]
Width 20 mm [±0,1 mm]
Height 10 mm [±0,1 mm]
Weight 75 g
Magnetization Direction ↑ axial
Load capacity ~ ? 29.99 kg / 294.15 N
Magnetic Induction ~ ? 337.18 mT / 3372 Gs
Coating [NiCuNi] Nickel
Manufacturing Tolerance ±0.1 mm

Magnetic properties of material N38

Specification / characteristics MPL 50x20x10 / N38 - lamellar magnet
properties values units
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 12.2-12.6 kGs
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 1220-1260 mT
coercivity bHc ? 10.8-11.5 kOe
coercivity bHc ? 860-915 kA/m
actual internal force iHc ≥ 12 kOe
actual internal force iHc ≥ 955 kA/m
energy density [min. - max.] ? 36-38 BH max MGOe
energy density [min. - max.] ? 287-303 BH max KJ/m
max. temperature ? ≤ 80 °C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C
properties values units
Vickers hardness ≥550 Hv
Density ≥7.4 g/cm3
Curie Temperature TC 312 - 380 °C
Curie Temperature TF 593 - 716 °F
Specific resistance 150 μΩ⋅cm
Bending strength 250 MPa
Compressive strength 1000~1100 MPa
Thermal expansion parallel (∥) to orientation (M) (3-4) x 10-6 °C-1
Thermal expansion perpendicular (⊥) to orientation (M) -(1-3) x 10-6 °C-1
Young's modulus 1.7 x 104 kg/mm²

Engineering modeling of the magnet - report

Presented information constitute the result of a engineering calculation. Results were calculated on algorithms for the material Nd2Fe14B. Real-world parameters may differ. Please consider these calculations as a supplementary guide when designing systems.

Table 1: Static pull force (pull vs gap) - interaction chart
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Distance (mm) Induction (Gauss) / mT Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Risk Status
0 mm 3371 Gs
337.1 mT
 29.99 kg / 66.12 pounds
29990.0 g / 294.2 N
 critical level
1 mm 3158 Gs
315.8 mT
 26.32 kg / 58.03 pounds
26323.3 g / 258.2 N
 critical level
2 mm 2932 Gs
293.2 mT
 22.69 kg / 50.02 pounds
22687.6 g / 222.6 N
 critical level
3 mm 2703 Gs
270.3 mT
 19.29 kg / 42.52 pounds
19286.7 g / 189.2 N
 critical level
5 mm 2266 Gs
226.6 mT
 13.55 kg / 29.86 pounds
13546.3 g / 132.9 N
 critical level
10 mm 1419 Gs
141.9 mT
 5.31 kg / 11.71 pounds
5313.0 g / 52.1 N
 warning
15 mm 908 Gs
90.8 mT
 2.17 kg / 4.79 pounds
2174.5 g / 21.3 N
 warning
20 mm 603 Gs
60.3 mT
 0.96 kg / 2.12 pounds
961.0 g / 9.4 N
 safe
30 mm 296 Gs
29.6 mT
 0.23 kg / 0.51 pounds
231.0 g / 2.3 N
 safe
50 mm 97 Gs
9.7 mT
 0.02 kg / 0.05 pounds
24.8 g / 0.2 N
 safe
Grip strength weakens sharply with every mm of gap. Keep in mind that even a very thin break (e.g., contamination, varnish, veneer) noticeably weakens the grip. Neodymiums work strongest during direct contact; distance weakens the force. Analyze how rapidly the pull force plummet, when the product does not adhere tightly to the metal substrate. When planning the mounting, discard additional spacers.

Table 2: Slippage load (wall)
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Distance (mm) Friction coefficient Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0 mm Stal (~0.2) 6.00 kg / 13.22 pounds
5998.0 g / 58.8 N
1 mm Stal (~0.2) 5.26 kg / 11.61 pounds
5264.0 g / 51.6 N
2 mm Stal (~0.2) 4.54 kg / 10.00 pounds
4538.0 g / 44.5 N
3 mm Stal (~0.2) 3.86 kg / 8.51 pounds
3858.0 g / 37.8 N
5 mm Stal (~0.2) 2.71 kg / 5.97 pounds
2710.0 g / 26.6 N
10 mm Stal (~0.2) 1.06 kg / 2.34 pounds
1062.0 g / 10.4 N
15 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.43 kg / 0.96 pounds
434.0 g / 4.3 N
20 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.19 kg / 0.42 pounds
192.0 g / 1.9 N
30 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.05 kg / 0.10 pounds
46.0 g / 0.5 N
50 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.01 pounds
4.0 g / 0.0 N
The table below defines the theoretical holding capacity sufficient to initiate the sliding of the magnet down along a upright steel wall (considering standard friction coefficient). This parameter is relative to the separation distance between the magnet and the surface.

Table 3: Wall mounting (shearing) - vertical pull
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Surface type Friction coefficient / % Mocy Max load (kg/lbs/g/N)
Raw steel
µ = 0.3 30% Nominalnej Siły
9.00 kg / 19.83 pounds
8997.0 g / 88.3 N
Painted steel (standard)
µ = 0.2 20% Nominalnej Siły
6.00 kg / 13.22 pounds
5998.0 g / 58.8 N
Oily/slippery steel
µ = 0.1 10% Nominalnej Siły
3.00 kg / 6.61 pounds
2999.0 g / 29.4 N
Magnet with anti-slip rubber
µ = 0.5 50% Nominalnej Siły
15.00 kg / 33.06 pounds
14995.0 g / 147.1 N
When mounting a magnet on a upright surface (e.g., a car body), it will maintain only approx. 20%-30% of its nominal power. Gravitational force as well as a low friction coefficient influence the fact that products move down faster than they detach. Planning a vertical fastening? Note that the sliding force is noticeably lower than the maximum static pull force. On a slippery surface, the magnet will slide down under a noticeably lighter weight. Application of an anti-slip layer can effectively raise the stability.

Table 4: Steel thickness (saturation) - power losses
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Steel thickness (mm) % power Real pull force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0.5 mm
5%
 1.50 kg / 3.31 pounds
1499.5 g / 14.7 N
1 mm
13%
 3.75 kg / 8.26 pounds
3748.8 g / 36.8 N
2 mm
25%
 7.50 kg / 16.53 pounds
7497.5 g / 73.6 N
3 mm
38%
 11.25 kg / 24.79 pounds
11246.3 g / 110.3 N
5 mm
63%
 18.74 kg / 41.32 pounds
18743.8 g / 183.9 N
10 mm
100%
 29.99 kg / 66.12 pounds
29990.0 g / 294.2 N
11 mm
100%
 29.99 kg / 66.12 pounds
29990.0 g / 294.2 N
12 mm
100%
 29.99 kg / 66.12 pounds
29990.0 g / 294.2 N
A thin metal plate cannot absorb the full magnetic flux, which wastes potential of the holder. If you install a neodymium to a thin surface, the magnetism will penetrate right through and the attraction force will be weaker. To squeeze the maximum of this neodymium's power, you need a suitably thick element of steel. The saturation effect causes that on delicate walls (e.g., thin profiles), the product holds weaker. We recommend selecting the steel cross-section from these parameters.

Table 5: Working in heat (stability) - resistance threshold
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Ambient temp. (°C) Power loss Remaining pull (kg/lbs/g/N) Status
20 °C 0.0% 29.99 kg / 66.12 pounds
29990.0 g / 294.2 N
 OK
40 °C -2.2% 29.33 kg / 64.66 pounds
29330.2 g / 287.7 N
 OK
60 °C -4.4% 28.67 kg / 63.21 pounds
28670.4 g / 281.3 N
80 °C -6.6% 28.01 kg / 61.75 pounds
28010.7 g / 274.8 N
100 °C -28.8% 21.35 kg / 47.07 pounds
21352.9 g / 209.5 N
Classic neodymiums lose power after exceeding the maximum temperature. Avoid high temperatures – high temperature can irreversibly destroy this product. With every degree above norm, the magnet's power briefly drops. Avoid using this magnet close to ovens exceeding its working range. Too high temperature will cause irreversible degradation of magnetism.
*Technical advisory: Temperature resistance is determined by both grade, as well as the dimension ratios. Thin magnets (low permeance coefficient) are more susceptible to demagnetization under lower heat stress than taller cylinders. The danger warning in the table signals permanent field degradation for this particular item.

Table 6: Two magnets (attraction) - field collision
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Gap (mm) Attraction (kg/lbs) (N-S) Shear Strength (kg/lbs/g/N) Repulsion (kg/lbs) (N-N)
0 mm 70.06 kg / 154.45 pounds
4 789 Gs
10.51 kg / 23.17 pounds
10509 g / 103.1 N
 N/A
1 mm 65.83 kg / 145.13 pounds
6 535 Gs
9.87 kg / 21.77 pounds
9874 g / 96.9 N
 59.25 kg / 130.61 pounds
~0 Gs
2 mm 61.49 kg / 135.57 pounds
6 316 Gs
9.22 kg / 20.34 pounds
9224 g / 90.5 N
 55.34 kg / 122.01 pounds
~0 Gs
3 mm 57.20 kg / 126.10 pounds
6 092 Gs
8.58 kg / 18.92 pounds
8580 g / 84.2 N
 51.48 kg / 113.49 pounds
~0 Gs
5 mm 48.94 kg / 107.89 pounds
5 635 Gs
7.34 kg / 16.18 pounds
7341 g / 72.0 N
 44.05 kg / 97.10 pounds
~0 Gs
10 mm 31.64 kg / 69.76 pounds
4 531 Gs
4.75 kg / 10.46 pounds
4747 g / 46.6 N
 28.48 kg / 62.79 pounds
~0 Gs
20 mm 12.41 kg / 27.36 pounds
2 838 Gs
1.86 kg / 4.10 pounds
1862 g / 18.3 N
 11.17 kg / 24.63 pounds
~0 Gs
50 mm 1.07 kg / 2.35 pounds
832 Gs
0.16 kg / 0.35 pounds
160 g / 1.6 N
 0.96 kg / 2.12 pounds
~0 Gs
60 mm 0.54 kg / 1.19 pounds
592 Gs
0.08 kg / 0.18 pounds
81 g / 0.8 N
 0.49 kg / 1.07 pounds
~0 Gs
70 mm 0.29 kg / 0.64 pounds
433 Gs
0.04 kg / 0.10 pounds
43 g / 0.4 N
 0.26 kg / 0.57 pounds
~0 Gs
80 mm 0.16 kg / 0.36 pounds
324 Gs
0.02 kg / 0.05 pounds
24 g / 0.2 N
 0.15 kg / 0.32 pounds
~0 Gs
90 mm 0.10 kg / 0.21 pounds
248 Gs
0.01 kg / 0.03 pounds
14 g / 0.1 N
 0.09 kg / 0.19 pounds
~0 Gs
100 mm 0.06 kg / 0.13 pounds
194 Gs
0.01 kg / 0.02 pounds
9 g / 0.1 N
 0.05 kg / 0.11 pounds
~0 Gs
Two strong neodymiums interact from a significantly greater distance than a magnet and steel combination. The connection of two magnets produces a massive flux and a further horizon of performance. Want to build a powerful holder? Apply two magnets instead of a neodymium and a striker plate. Exercise caution that when connecting a pair of magnets, the impact force is extreme. The repulsion force is a bit weaker than the attraction, but still impressive.
*Flux density between like poles reaches ~0 Gs in the exact middle between the magnets (resulting from vector opposition).
Attention: Estimates refer to shear force of dual same neodymium magnets (friction ~0.15 for Ni-Ni layer).

Table 7: Safety (HSE) (implants) - warnings
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Object / Device Limit (Gauss) / mT Safe distance
Pacemaker 5 Gs (0.5 mT) 15.5 cm
Hearing aid 10 Gs (1.0 mT) 12.0 cm
Timepiece 20 Gs (2.0 mT) 9.5 cm
Phone / Smartphone 40 Gs (4.0 mT) 7.5 cm
Car key 50 Gs (5.0 mT) 7.0 cm
Payment card 400 Gs (40.0 mT) 3.0 cm
HDD hard drive 600 Gs (60.0 mT) 2.5 cm
Powerful magnet radiation is a large risk to electronics as well as pacemakers. These magnets generate a flux that disrupts operation of sensitive medical devices. Be aware: the unseen radiation passes through tissues and plastic. Increased vigilance must be exercised by people with cochlear implants and drug dispensers. Influence will be felt by: mechanical watches, remotes, membranes, and screens. Do not bring the product near payment cards, hard drives, or precise measuring instruments.

Table 8: Dynamics (cracking risk) - collision effects
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Start from (mm) Speed (km/h) Energy (J) Predicted outcome
10 mm 22.29 km/h
(6.19 m/s)
 1.44 J
30 mm 35.10 km/h
(9.75 m/s)
 3.56 J
50 mm 45.12 km/h
(12.53 m/s)
 5.89 J
100 mm 63.77 km/h
(17.72 m/s)
 11.77 J
NdFeB products are prone to chipping – a violent impact against metal risks their cracking. Pay attention to connection velocity – a magnet released freely becomes dangerous. Striking energy can destroy the magnet or dangerous crushing to skin. Be sure to control the product during installation so it doesn't hit violently against the steel surface. A contact at a velocity of dozens of km/h ends with a crack of the neodymium. Wear safety glasses when working with large magnets.

Table 9: Surface protection spec
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Technical parameter Value / Description
Coating type [NiCuNi] Nickel
Layer structure Nickel - Copper - Nickel
Layer thickness 10-20 µm
Salt spray test (SST) ? 24 h
Recommended environment Indoors only (dry)
Neodymium magnets are highly susceptible to corrosion without proper protection. The silver nickel coating also serves an aesthetic function but is not fully waterproof.

Table 10: Electrical data (Pc)
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Parameter Value SI Unit / Description
Magnetic Flux 32 980 Mx 329.8 µWb
Pc Coefficient 0.38 Low (Flat)
Total magnetic flux passing through the magnet pole. Essential parameter for generator designers as well as sensors. Pc value determines the working geometry.

Table 11: Submerged application
MPL 50x20x10 / N38

Environment Effective steel pull Effect
Air (land) 29.99 kg Standard
Water (riverbed) 34.34 kg
(+4.35 kg buoyancy gain)
+14.5%
Rust risk: Remember to wipe the magnet thoroughly after removing it from water and apply a protective layer (e.g., oil) to avoid corrosion.
In water, the magnet feels stronger thanks to Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy helps in lifting finds.
1. Shear force

*Caution: On a vertical surface, the magnet holds only approx. 20-30% of its nominal pull.

2. Steel saturation

*Thin steel (e.g. 0.5mm PC case) severely reduces the holding force.

3. Thermal stability

*For N38 material, the critical limit is 80°C.

4. Demagnetization curve and operating point (B-H)

chart generated for the permeance coefficient Pc (Permeance Coefficient) = 0.38

The chart above illustrates the magnetic characteristics of the material within the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. The solid red line represents the demagnetization curve (material potential), while the dashed blue line is the load line based on the magnet's geometry. The Pc (Permeance Coefficient), also known as the load line slope, is a dimensionless value that describes the relationship between the magnet's shape and its magnetic stability. The intersection of these two lines (the black dot) is the operating point — it determines the actual magnetic flux density generated by the magnet in this specific configuration. A higher Pc value means the magnet is more 'slender' (tall relative to its area), resulting in a higher operating point and better resistance to irreversible demagnetization caused by external fields or temperature. A value of 0.42 is relatively low (typical for flat magnets), meaning the operating point is closer to the 'knee' of the curve — caution is advised when operating at temperatures near the maximum limit to avoid strength loss.

Technical specification and ecology
Chemical composition
iron (Fe) 64% – 68%
neodymium (Nd) 29% – 32%
boron (B) 1.1% – 1.2%
dysprosium (Dy) 0.5% – 2.0%
coating (Ni-Cu-Ni) < 0.05%
Sustainability
recyclability (EoL) 100%
recycled raw materials ~10% (pre-cons)
carbon footprint low / zredukowany
waste code (EWC) 16 02 16
Safety card (GPSR)
responsible entity
Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Kościuszki 6A, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki
tel: +48 22 499 98 98 | e-mail: bok@dhit.pl
batch number/type
id: 020165-2026
Magnet Unit Converter
Force (pull)
Magnetic Induction
Simply complete any input, and the tool fill in everything else automatically.

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Component MPL 50x20x10 / N38 features a flat shape and industrial pulling force, making it a perfect solution for building separators and machines. This rectangular block with a force of 294.15 N is ready for shipment in 24h, allowing for rapid realization of your project. The durable anti-corrosion layer ensures a long lifespan in a dry environment, protecting the core from oxidation.
The key to success is sliding the magnets along their largest connection plane (using e.g., the edge of a table), which is easier than trying to tear them apart directly. To separate the MPL 50x20x10 / N38 model, firmly slide one magnet over the edge of the other until the attraction force decreases. We recommend care, because after separation, the magnets may want to violently snap back together, which threatens pinching the skin. Using a screwdriver risks destroying the coating and permanently cracking the magnet.
Plate magnets MPL 50x20x10 / N38 are the foundation for many industrial devices, such as filters catching filings and linear motors. Thanks to the flat surface and high force (approx. 29.99 kg), they are ideal as hidden locks in furniture making and mounting elements in automation. Customers often choose this model for workshop organization on strips and for advanced DIY and modeling projects, where precision and power count.
For mounting flat magnets MPL 50x20x10 / N38, we recommend utilizing two-component adhesives (e.g., UHU Endfest, Distal), which ensure a durable bond with metal or plastic. Double-sided tape cushions vibrations, which is an advantage when mounting in moving elements. Avoid chemically aggressive glues or hot glue, which can demagnetize neodymium (above 80°C).
The magnetic axis runs through the shortest dimension, which is typical for gripper magnets. Thanks to this, it works best when "sticking" to sheet metal or another magnet with a large surface area. This is the most popular configuration for block magnets used in separators and holders.
The presented product is a neodymium magnet with precisely defined parameters: 50 mm (length), 20 mm (width), and 10 mm (thickness). It is a magnetic block with dimensions 50x20x10 mm and a self-weight of 75 g, ready to work at temperatures up to 80°C. The protective [NiCuNi] coating secures the magnet against corrosion.

Pros as well as cons of Nd2Fe14B magnets.

Pros

Apart from their superior holding force, neodymium magnets have these key benefits:
  • They retain attractive force for nearly 10 years – the drop is just ~1% (according to analyses),
  • They are noted for resistance to demagnetization induced by external disturbances,
  • The use of an refined finish of noble metals (nickel, gold, silver) causes the element to be more visually attractive,
  • They show high magnetic induction at the operating surface, which improves attraction properties,
  • Through (appropriate) combination of ingredients, they can achieve high thermal resistance, enabling functioning at temperatures reaching 230°C and above...
  • Due to the ability of precise molding and customization to individualized needs, magnetic components can be modeled in a variety of shapes and sizes, which makes them more universal,
  • Universal use in electronics industry – they are commonly used in HDD drives, drive modules, precision medical tools, also multitasking production systems.
  • Thanks to concentrated force, small magnets offer high operating force, occupying minimum space,

Limitations

Disadvantages of NdFeB magnets:
  • Brittleness is one of their disadvantages. Upon strong impact they can break. We recommend keeping them in a special holder, which not only secures them against impacts but also increases their durability
  • NdFeB magnets lose force when exposed to high temperatures. After reaching 80°C, many of them experience permanent weakening of power (a factor is the shape as well as dimensions of the magnet). We offer magnets specially adapted to work at temperatures up to 230°C marked [AH], which are very resistant to heat
  • Magnets exposed to a humid environment can corrode. Therefore during using outdoors, we advise using water-impermeable magnets made of rubber, plastic or other material resistant to moisture
  • Due to limitations in realizing threads and complex shapes in magnets, we propose using casing - magnetic mount.
  • Health risk resulting from small fragments of magnets pose a threat, in case of ingestion, which gains importance in the context of child safety. Additionally, tiny parts of these magnets can disrupt the diagnostic process medical when they are in the body.
  • Due to complex production process, their price is higher than average,

Pull force analysis

Maximum lifting capacity of the magnet – what affects it?

Magnet power was determined for ideal contact conditions, taking into account:
  • on a block made of structural steel, optimally conducting the magnetic field
  • whose transverse dimension equals approx. 10 mm
  • with a surface free of scratches
  • without any air gap between the magnet and steel
  • for force applied at a right angle (in the magnet axis)
  • at conditions approx. 20°C

Lifting capacity in practice – influencing factors

Holding efficiency is influenced by specific conditions, mainly (from most important):
  • Gap between magnet and steel – even a fraction of a millimeter of separation (caused e.g. by veneer or dirt) diminishes the magnet efficiency, often by half at just 0.5 mm.
  • Force direction – catalog parameter refers to detachment vertically. When applying parallel force, the magnet exhibits significantly lower power (typically approx. 20-30% of maximum force).
  • Substrate thickness – for full efficiency, the steel must be sufficiently thick. Thin sheet restricts the lifting capacity (the magnet "punches through" it).
  • Chemical composition of the base – mild steel gives the best results. Alloy steels reduce magnetic properties and lifting capacity.
  • Surface finish – full contact is obtained only on smooth steel. Any scratches and bumps create air cushions, reducing force.
  • Thermal environment – heating the magnet causes a temporary drop of force. It is worth remembering the thermal limit for a given model.

Lifting capacity testing was performed on a smooth plate of suitable thickness, under a perpendicular pulling force, whereas under shearing force the holding force is lower. Moreover, even a minimal clearance between the magnet’s surface and the plate lowers the load capacity.

Safety rules for work with neodymium magnets
Handling guide

Handle magnets consciously. Their powerful strength can surprise even professionals. Plan your moves and do not underestimate their force.

Sensitization to coating

It is widely known that the nickel plating (the usual finish) is a common allergen. If your skin reacts to metals, prevent direct skin contact or select encased magnets.

Keep away from children

Always store magnets out of reach of children. Risk of swallowing is significant, and the effects of magnets connecting inside the body are fatal.

Crushing risk

Large magnets can break fingers in a fraction of a second. Under no circumstances put your hand between two attracting surfaces.

Danger to pacemakers

For implant holders: Powerful magnets affect electronics. Keep at least 30 cm distance or request help to handle the magnets.

Keep away from electronics

Navigation devices and smartphones are extremely susceptible to magnetic fields. Close proximity with a powerful NdFeB magnet can permanently damage the internal compass in your phone.

Beware of splinters

Neodymium magnets are ceramic materials, meaning they are very brittle. Impact of two magnets will cause them breaking into small pieces.

Safe distance

Powerful magnetic fields can erase data on credit cards, HDDs, and other magnetic media. Keep a distance of at least 10 cm.

Heat sensitivity

Watch the temperature. Heating the magnet to high heat will permanently weaken its magnetic structure and strength.

Dust is flammable

Machining of NdFeB material carries a risk of fire hazard. Magnetic powder reacts violently with oxygen and is hard to extinguish.

Important! Want to know more? Read our article: Are neodymium magnets dangerous?