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MPL 15x15x5 / N38 - lamellar magnet

lamellar magnet

Catalog no 020120

GTIN/EAN: 5906301811268

5.00
Load capacity 5.87 kg / 57.62 N Magnetic Induction 318.00 mT / 3180 Gs
length
15 mm [±0,1 mm]
Width
15 mm [±0,1 mm]
Height
5 mm [±0,1 mm]
Weight
8.44 g
Magnetization Direction
↑ axial
Coating
[NiCuNi] Nickel
technical details »

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Engineering report for this magnet

Full PDF analysis: pull and shear force, effect of distance, temperature and plate thickness, safety distances and the demagnetization curve.

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Specifications and structure of a neodymium magnet can be estimated using our power calculator.

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Technical of the product - MPL 15x15x5 / N38 - lamellar magnet

Specification / characteristics - MPL 15x15x5 / N38 - lamellar magnet

properties
properties values
Cat. no. 020120
GTIN/EAN 5906301811268
Production/Distribution Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Zielona 14 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki PL
Country of origin Poland / China / Germany
Customs code 85059029
length 15 mm [±0,1 mm]
Width 15 mm [±0,1 mm]
Height 5 mm [±0,1 mm]
Weight 8.44 g
Magnetization Direction ↑ axial
Load capacity ~ ? 5.87 kg / 57.62 N
Magnetic Induction ~ ? 318.00 mT / 3180 Gs
Coating [NiCuNi] Nickel
Manufacturing Tolerance ±0.1 mm

Magnetic properties of material N38

Specification / characteristics MPL 15x15x5 / N38 - lamellar magnet
properties values units
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 12.2-12.6 kGs
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 1220-1260 mT
coercivity bHc ? 10.8-11.5 kOe
coercivity bHc ? 860-915 kA/m
actual internal force iHc ≥ 12 kOe
actual internal force iHc ≥ 955 kA/m
energy density [min. - max.] ? 36-38 BH max MGOe
energy density [min. - max.] ? 287-303 BH max KJ/m
max. temperature ? ≤ 80 °C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C
properties values units
Vickers hardness ≥550 Hv
Density ≥7.4 g/cm3
Curie Temperature TC 312 - 380 °C
Curie Temperature TF 593 - 716 °F
Specific resistance 150 μΩ⋅cm
Bending strength 250 MPa
Compressive strength 1000~1100 MPa
Thermal expansion parallel (∥) to orientation (M) (3-4) x 10-6 °C-1
Thermal expansion perpendicular (⊥) to orientation (M) -(1-3) x 10-6 °C-1
Young's modulus 1.7 x 104 kg/mm²

Engineering analysis of the magnet - data

Presented values constitute the result of a mathematical simulation. Results were calculated on models for the material Nd2Fe14B. Operational performance may differ. Please consider these data as a supplementary guide when designing systems.

Table 1: Static force (pull vs distance) - characteristics
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Distance (mm) Induction (Gauss) / mT Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Risk Status
0 mm 3179 Gs
317.9 mT
 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
 strong
1 mm 2873 Gs
287.3 mT
 4.79 kg / 10.57 LBS
4794.1 g / 47.0 N
 strong
2 mm 2528 Gs
252.8 mT
 3.71 kg / 8.18 LBS
3712.5 g / 36.4 N
 strong
3 mm 2181 Gs
218.1 mT
 2.76 kg / 6.09 LBS
2763.0 g / 27.1 N
 strong
5 mm 1565 Gs
156.5 mT
 1.42 kg / 3.14 LBS
1422.0 g / 13.9 N
 weak grip
10 mm 659 Gs
65.9 mT
 0.25 kg / 0.56 LBS
252.1 g / 2.5 N
 weak grip
15 mm 307 Gs
30.7 mT
 0.05 kg / 0.12 LBS
54.7 g / 0.5 N
 weak grip
20 mm 162 Gs
16.2 mT
 0.02 kg / 0.03 LBS
15.2 g / 0.1 N
 weak grip
30 mm 59 Gs
5.9 mT
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
2.0 g / 0.0 N
 weak grip
50 mm 15 Gs
1.5 mT
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0.1 g / 0.0 N
 weak grip
Pulling power weakens sharply with every subsequent millimeter of distance. Keep in mind that every additional insulation layer (e.g., dirt, paint, rust) noticeably weakens the grip. Neodymiums work optimally in perfect adhesion; air break weakens the force. Analyze how rapidly the load capacity plummet, when the product does not touch flatly to the steel surface. When designing the mounting, eliminate unnecessary gaps.

Table 2: Sliding hold (vertical surface)
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Distance (mm) Friction coefficient Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0 mm Stal (~0.2) 1.17 kg / 2.59 LBS
1174.0 g / 11.5 N
1 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.96 kg / 2.11 LBS
958.0 g / 9.4 N
2 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.74 kg / 1.64 LBS
742.0 g / 7.3 N
3 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.55 kg / 1.22 LBS
552.0 g / 5.4 N
5 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.28 kg / 0.63 LBS
284.0 g / 2.8 N
10 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.05 kg / 0.11 LBS
50.0 g / 0.5 N
15 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.01 kg / 0.02 LBS
10.0 g / 0.1 N
20 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.01 LBS
4.0 g / 0.0 N
30 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0.0 g / 0.0 N
50 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0.0 g / 0.0 N
This section defines the theoretical holding capacity necessary to initiate the slippage of the magnet downwards on a vertical steel wall (considering typical friction coefficient). This value is relative to the separation distance between the magnet and the surface.

Table 3: Vertical assembly (shearing) - vertical pull
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Surface type Friction coefficient / % Mocy Max load (kg/lbs/g/N)
Raw steel
µ = 0.3 30% Nominalnej Siły
1.76 kg / 3.88 LBS
1761.0 g / 17.3 N
Painted steel (standard)
µ = 0.2 20% Nominalnej Siły
1.17 kg / 2.59 LBS
1174.0 g / 11.5 N
Oily/slippery steel
µ = 0.1 10% Nominalnej Siły
0.59 kg / 1.29 LBS
587.0 g / 5.8 N
Magnet with anti-slip rubber
µ = 0.5 50% Nominalnej Siły
2.94 kg / 6.47 LBS
2935.0 g / 28.8 N
When hanging a element on a vertical wall (e.g., a fridge), it will only hold just about 20%-30% of nominal attraction strength. Gravity as well as a low friction coefficient influence the fact that holders slip faster than they pull off. Want to create a hanger? Consider that the sliding force is significantly lower than the maximum static pull force. On a slippery surface, the holder will give way down under a significantly smaller weight. Application of an anti-slip pad can drastically improve the result.

Table 4: Material efficiency (saturation) - sheet metal selection
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Steel thickness (mm) % power Real pull force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0.5 mm
10%
 0.59 kg / 1.29 LBS
587.0 g / 5.8 N
1 mm
25%
 1.47 kg / 3.24 LBS
1467.5 g / 14.4 N
2 mm
50%
 2.94 kg / 6.47 LBS
2935.0 g / 28.8 N
3 mm
75%
 4.40 kg / 9.71 LBS
4402.5 g / 43.2 N
5 mm
100%
 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
10 mm
100%
 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
11 mm
100%
 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
12 mm
100%
 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
A thin metal plate cannot take in the entire magnetic field, which weakens actual performance of the holder. If you mount a strong magnet to a too thin substrate, the magnetism will penetrate right through and the attraction force will be weaker. To utilize the maximum of this magnet's power, you require a sufficiently solid backing of metal. The saturation effect causes that on delicate walls (e.g., appliance housings), the holder works worse. We advise picking the steel dimension according to the table below.

Table 5: Thermal stability (stability) - power drop
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Ambient temp. (°C) Power loss Remaining pull (kg/lbs/g/N) Status
20 °C 0.0% 5.87 kg / 12.94 LBS
5870.0 g / 57.6 N
 OK
40 °C -2.2% 5.74 kg / 12.66 LBS
5740.9 g / 56.3 N
 OK
60 °C -4.4% 5.61 kg / 12.37 LBS
5611.7 g / 55.1 N
80 °C -6.6% 5.48 kg / 12.09 LBS
5482.6 g / 53.8 N
100 °C -28.8% 4.18 kg / 9.21 LBS
4179.4 g / 41.0 N
Ordinary NdFeB products lose strength after exceeding the maximum temperature. Watch out for overheating – excessive heat can permanently demagnetize this product. As the temperature rises, the magnet's power momentarily drops. Avoid using this product close to ovens higher than its safe range. Exceeding the critical threshold will result in irreversible degradation of magnetic properties.
*Engineering note: Thermal stability depends not only on the material grade, as well as the dimension ratios. Low-profile magnets (low Pc) risk losing magnetic properties under lower heat stress than taller cylinders. Red status in the table points to a risk of irreversible loss for this particular item.

Table 6: Two magnets (repulsion) - field collision
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Gap (mm) Attraction (kg/lbs) (N-S) Lateral Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Repulsion (kg/lbs) (N-N)
0 mm 14.02 kg / 30.90 LBS
4 741 Gs
2.10 kg / 4.64 LBS
2103 g / 20.6 N
 N/A
1 mm 12.77 kg / 28.15 LBS
6 068 Gs
1.92 kg / 4.22 LBS
1916 g / 18.8 N
 11.49 kg / 25.34 LBS
~0 Gs
2 mm 11.45 kg / 25.24 LBS
5 746 Gs
1.72 kg / 3.79 LBS
1717 g / 16.8 N
 10.30 kg / 22.72 LBS
~0 Gs
3 mm 10.13 kg / 22.34 LBS
5 405 Gs
1.52 kg / 3.35 LBS
1520 g / 14.9 N
 9.12 kg / 20.10 LBS
~0 Gs
5 mm 7.68 kg / 16.93 LBS
4 706 Gs
1.15 kg / 2.54 LBS
1152 g / 11.3 N
 6.91 kg / 15.24 LBS
~0 Gs
10 mm 3.40 kg / 7.49 LBS
3 129 Gs
0.51 kg / 1.12 LBS
509 g / 5.0 N
 3.06 kg / 6.74 LBS
~0 Gs
20 mm 0.60 kg / 1.33 LBS
1 318 Gs
0.09 kg / 0.20 LBS
90 g / 0.9 N
 0.54 kg / 1.19 LBS
~0 Gs
50 mm 0.01 kg / 0.03 LBS
188 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
2 g / 0.0 N
 0.01 kg / 0.02 LBS
~0 Gs
60 mm 0.00 kg / 0.01 LBS
118 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
1 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
~0 Gs
70 mm 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
79 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
~0 Gs
80 mm 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
55 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
~0 Gs
90 mm 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
40 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
~0 Gs
100 mm 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
30 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
0 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 LBS
~0 Gs
Two magnets interact from a wider radius than a magnet and sheet setup. The setup of two magnets creates a more powerful interaction and a wider radius of performance. Designing a powerful holder? Utilize two neodymiums instead of a neodymium and a striker plate. Remember that when attracting two neodymiums, the pinch force is massive. The levitation is slightly lower than the connection force, but still large.
*Flux density for N-N configuration reaches ~0 Gs in the exact middle of the gap (resulting from vector opposition).
Important: Results show shear force of a pair of same neodymium magnets (friction ~0.15 for Ni-Ni layer).

Table 7: Hazards (implants) - warnings
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Object / Device Limit (Gauss) / mT Safe distance
Pacemaker 5 Gs (0.5 mT) 7.5 cm
Hearing aid 10 Gs (1.0 mT) 6.0 cm
Mechanical watch 20 Gs (2.0 mT) 4.5 cm
Mobile device 40 Gs (4.0 mT) 3.5 cm
Remote 50 Gs (5.0 mT) 3.5 cm
Payment card 400 Gs (40.0 mT) 1.5 cm
HDD hard drive 600 Gs (60.0 mT) 1.5 cm
A strong magnetic field poses a large risk to electronic devices as well as medical implants. These neodymiums generate a flux that prevents correct functioning of sensitive medical devices. Remember: the unseen radiation penetrates the body and glass. Exceptional care must be exercised by people with cochlear implants and insulin pumps. The risk also applies to: automatic timepieces, car keys, membranes, and screens. Do not bring the product near payment cards, hard drives, or precise measuring instruments.

Table 8: Impact energy (kinetic energy) - warning
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Start from (mm) Speed (km/h) Energy (J) Predicted outcome
10 mm 24.70 km/h
(6.86 m/s)
 0.20 J
30 mm 25.21 km/h
(7.00 m/s)
 0.21 J
50 mm 25.22 km/h
(7.00 m/s)
 0.21 J
100 mm 25.22 km/h
(7.01 m/s)
 0.21 J
Magnetic elements are very brittle – a collision with steel causes immediate chipping. Control the attraction moment – a neodymium left loose becomes dangerous. Impact energy can cause material chips or injury to fingers. Always hold the magnet during bringing near metal so it doesn't slam with momentum against the metal. A contact at a velocity of dozens of km/h almost guarantees destruction of the neodymium. Wear eye protection when playing with large magnets.

Table 9: Anti-corrosion coating durability
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Technical parameter Value / Description
Coating type [NiCuNi] Nickel
Layer structure Nickel - Copper - Nickel
Layer thickness 10-20 µm
Salt spray test (SST) ? 24 h
Recommended environment Indoors only (dry)
For outdoor applications, an epoxy coating is required; standard nickel is intended for indoor use. Improper coating selection is the most common cause of magnet failure over time.

Table 10: Construction data (Flux)
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Parameter Value SI Unit / Description
Magnetic Flux 7 651 Mx 76.5 µWb
Pc Coefficient 0.40 Low (Flat)
Flux value passing through the magnet pole. Essential parameter in coil applications as well as sensors. The Pc coefficient defines the working geometry.

Table 11: Physics of underwater searching
MPL 15x15x5 / N38

Environment Effective steel pull Effect
Air (land) 5.87 kg Standard
Water (riverbed) 6.72 kg
(+0.85 kg buoyancy gain)
+14.5%
Warning: This magnet has a standard nickel coating. After use in water, it must be dried and maintained immediately, otherwise it will rust!
Contrary to myths, water does not block the magnetic field. Buoyancy helps in lifting finds.

1. Vertical hold

*Caution: On a vertical wall, the magnet retains merely approx. 20-30% of its nominal pull.

2. Steel thickness impact

*Thin metal sheet (e.g. computer case) severely limits the holding force.

3. Heat tolerance

*For N38 grade, the safety limit is 80°C.

4. Demagnetization curve and operating point (B-H)

chart generated for the permeance coefficient Pc (Permeance Coefficient) = 0.40

The chart above illustrates the magnetic characteristics of the material within the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. The solid red line represents the demagnetization curve (material potential), while the dashed blue line is the load line based on the magnet's geometry. The Pc (Permeance Coefficient), also known as the load line slope, is a dimensionless value that describes the relationship between the magnet's shape and its magnetic stability. The intersection of these two lines (the black dot) is the operating point — it determines the actual magnetic flux density generated by the magnet in this specific configuration. A higher Pc value means the magnet is more 'slender' (tall relative to its area), resulting in a higher operating point and better resistance to irreversible demagnetization caused by external fields or temperature. A value of 0.42 is relatively low (typical for flat magnets), meaning the operating point is closer to the 'knee' of the curve — caution is advised when operating at temperatures near the maximum limit to avoid strength loss.

Technical and environmental data

Elemental analysis

iron (Fe) 64% – 68%
neodymium (Nd) 29% – 32%
boron (B) 1.1% – 1.2%
dysprosium (Dy) 0.5% – 2.0%
coating (Ni-Cu-Ni) < 0.05%

Environmental data

recyclability (EoL) 100%
recycled raw materials ~10% (pre-cons)
carbon footprint low / zredukowany
waste code (EWC) 16 02 16
Safety card (GPSR)
responsible entity
Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Kościuszki 6A, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki
tel: +48 22 499 98 98 | e-mail: bok@dhit.pl
batch number/type
id: 020120-2026
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This product is a very powerful magnet in the shape of a plate made of NdFeB material, which, with dimensions of 15x15x5 mm and a weight of 8.44 g, guarantees premium class connection. As a magnetic bar with high power (approx. 5.87 kg), this product is available immediately from our warehouse in Poland. Additionally, its Ni-Cu-Ni coating protects it against corrosion in standard operating conditions, giving it an aesthetic appearance.
Separating block magnets requires a technique based on sliding (moving one relative to the other), rather than forceful pulling apart. To separate the MPL 15x15x5 / N38 model, firmly slide one magnet over the edge of the other until the attraction force decreases. We recommend extreme caution, because after separation, the magnets may want to violently snap back together, which threatens pinching the skin. Never use metal tools for prying, as the brittle NdFeB material may chip and damage your eyes.
Plate magnets MPL 15x15x5 / N38 are the foundation for many industrial devices, such as magnetic separators and linear motors. Thanks to the flat surface and high force (approx. 5.87 kg), they are ideal as closers in furniture making and mounting elements in automation. Customers often choose this model for workshop organization on strips and for advanced DIY and modeling projects, where precision and power count.
For mounting flat magnets MPL 15x15x5 / N38, we recommend utilizing strong epoxy glues (e.g., UHU Endfest, Distal), which ensure a durable bond with metal or plastic. For lighter applications or mounting on smooth surfaces, branded foam tape (e.g., 3M VHB) will work, provided the surface is perfectly degreased. Avoid chemically aggressive glues or hot glue, which can demagnetize neodymium (above 80°C).
Standardly, the MPL 15x15x5 / N38 model is magnetized through the thickness (dimension 5 mm), which means that the N and S poles are located on its largest, flat surfaces. Thanks to this, it works best when "sticking" to sheet metal or another magnet with a large surface area. Such a pole arrangement ensures maximum holding capacity when pressing against the sheet, creating a closed magnetic circuit.
This model is characterized by dimensions 15x15x5 mm, which, at a weight of 8.44 g, makes it an element with high energy density. It is a magnetic block with dimensions 15x15x5 mm and a self-weight of 8.44 g, ready to work at temperatures up to 80°C. The product meets the standards for N38 grade magnets.

Advantages as well as disadvantages of Nd2Fe14B magnets.

Advantages

Besides their exceptional strength, neodymium magnets offer the following advantages:
  • Their magnetic field is durable, and after around ten years it decreases only by ~1% (according to research),
  • They maintain their magnetic properties even under external field action,
  • In other words, due to the shiny finish of nickel, the element gains visual value,
  • Magnets are characterized by maximum magnetic induction on the outer side,
  • Made from properly selected components, these magnets show impressive resistance to high heat, enabling them to function (depending on their form) at temperatures up to 230°C and above...
  • Thanks to flexibility in constructing and the ability to customize to specific needs,
  • Significant place in high-tech industry – they are commonly used in computer drives, motor assemblies, advanced medical instruments, and technologically advanced constructions.
  • Relatively small size with high pulling force – neodymium magnets offer strong magnetic field in tiny dimensions, which allows their use in compact constructions

Weaknesses

Disadvantages of neodymium magnets:
  • They are prone to damage upon heavy impacts. To avoid cracks, it is worth protecting magnets in special housings. Such protection not only protects the magnet but also improves its resistance to damage
  • Neodymium magnets decrease their power under the influence of heating. As soon as 80°C is exceeded, many of them start losing their force. Therefore, we recommend our special magnets marked [AH], which maintain stability even at temperatures up to 230°C
  • They oxidize in a humid environment. For use outdoors we suggest using waterproof magnets e.g. in rubber, plastic
  • We suggest cover - magnetic mechanism, due to difficulties in producing threads inside the magnet and complicated shapes.
  • Health risk resulting from small fragments of magnets are risky, if swallowed, which becomes key in the context of child safety. It is also worth noting that small elements of these devices are able to complicate diagnosis medical after entering the body.
  • Due to neodymium price, their price is higher than average,

Lifting parameters

Optimal lifting capacity of a neodymium magnet – what contributes to it?

Holding force of 5.87 kg is a theoretical maximum value performed under the following configuration:
  • on a block made of structural steel, effectively closing the magnetic field
  • whose transverse dimension reaches at least 10 mm
  • with a surface cleaned and smooth
  • without the slightest clearance between the magnet and steel
  • under axial force direction (90-degree angle)
  • at standard ambient temperature

Lifting capacity in real conditions – factors

Real force impacted by specific conditions, such as (from priority):
  • Space between surfaces – even a fraction of a millimeter of distance (caused e.g. by veneer or dirt) diminishes the magnet efficiency, often by half at just 0.5 mm.
  • Loading method – declared lifting capacity refers to detachment vertically. When attempting to slide, the magnet exhibits much less (often approx. 20-30% of nominal force).
  • Element thickness – to utilize 100% power, the steel must be adequately massive. Thin sheet limits the attraction force (the magnet "punches through" it).
  • Metal type – different alloys reacts the same. Alloy additives worsen the attraction effect.
  • Surface condition – ground elements guarantee perfect abutment, which increases force. Rough surfaces reduce efficiency.
  • Temperature – temperature increase results in weakening of induction. It is worth remembering the maximum operating temperature for a given model.

Holding force was checked on a smooth steel plate of 20 mm thickness, when the force acted perpendicularly, whereas under attempts to slide the magnet the load capacity is reduced by as much as fivefold. In addition, even a minimal clearance between the magnet and the plate lowers the holding force.

Precautions when working with neodymium magnets
Safe distance

Intense magnetic fields can corrupt files on credit cards, hard drives, and storage devices. Stay away of at least 10 cm.

Maximum temperature

Avoid heat. NdFeB magnets are sensitive to temperature. If you require resistance above 80°C, look for special high-temperature series (H, SH, UH).

Product not for children

These products are not toys. Eating a few magnets may result in them attracting across intestines, which poses a direct threat to life and requires urgent medical intervention.

Compass and GPS

A strong magnetic field negatively affects the functioning of compasses in phones and GPS navigation. Maintain magnets close to a device to avoid breaking the sensors.

Handling guide

Handle magnets consciously. Their immense force can surprise even professionals. Stay alert and do not underestimate their power.

Shattering risk

Beware of splinters. Magnets can explode upon violent connection, launching shards into the air. Wear goggles.

Health Danger

Life threat: Neodymium magnets can turn off pacemakers and defibrillators. Stay away if you have medical devices.

Warning for allergy sufferers

Warning for allergy sufferers: The Ni-Cu-Ni coating consists of nickel. If redness occurs, immediately stop handling magnets and wear gloves.

Pinching danger

Protect your hands. Two powerful magnets will join instantly with a force of massive weight, destroying everything in their path. Exercise extreme caution!

Dust is flammable

Combustion risk: Rare earth powder is highly flammable. Avoid machining magnets in home conditions as this may cause fire.

Warning! Details about risks in the article: Safety of working with magnets.