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MW 21.9x10 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

cylindrical magnet

Catalog no 010045

GTIN/EAN: 5906301810445

Diameter Ø

21.9 mm [±0,1 mm]

Height

10 mm [±0,1 mm]

Weight

28.25 g

Magnetization Direction

→ diametrical

Load capacity

14.65 kg / 143.71 N

Magnetic Induction

417.89 mT / 4179 Gs

Coating

[NiCuNi] Nickel

product parameters »

15.50 ZŁ with VAT / pcs + price for transport

12.60 ZŁ net + 23% VAT / pcs

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Detailed specification - MW 21.9x10 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

Specification / characteristics - MW 21.9x10 / N38 - cylindrical magnet

properties
properties values
Cat. no. 010045
GTIN/EAN 5906301810445
Production/Distribution Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Zielona 14 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki PL
Country of origin Poland / China / Germany
Customs code 85059029
Diameter Ø 21.9 mm [±0,1 mm]
Height 10 mm [±0,1 mm]
Weight 28.25 g
Magnetization Direction → diametrical
Load capacity ~ ? 14.65 kg / 143.71 N
Magnetic Induction ~ ? 417.89 mT / 4179 Gs
Coating [NiCuNi] Nickel
Manufacturing Tolerance ±0.1 mm

Magnetic properties of material N38

Specification / characteristics MW 21.9x10 / N38 - cylindrical magnet
properties values units
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 12.2-12.6 kGs
remenance Br [min. - max.] ? 1220-1260 mT
coercivity bHc ? 10.8-11.5 kOe
coercivity bHc ? 860-915 kA/m
actual internal force iHc ≥ 12 kOe
actual internal force iHc ≥ 955 kA/m
energy density [min. - max.] ? 36-38 BH max MGOe
energy density [min. - max.] ? 287-303 BH max KJ/m
max. temperature ? ≤ 80 °C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C

Physical properties of sintered neodymium magnets Nd2Fe14B at 20°C
properties values units
Vickers hardness ≥550 Hv
Density ≥7.4 g/cm3
Curie Temperature TC 312 - 380 °C
Curie Temperature TF 593 - 716 °F
Specific resistance 150 μΩ⋅cm
Bending strength 250 MPa
Compressive strength 1000~1100 MPa
Thermal expansion parallel (∥) to orientation (M) (3-4) x 10-6 °C-1
Thermal expansion perpendicular (⊥) to orientation (M) -(1-3) x 10-6 °C-1
Young's modulus 1.7 x 104 kg/mm²

Physical modeling of the product - report

Presented values constitute the outcome of a mathematical simulation. Values were calculated on models for the class Nd2Fe14B. Real-world parameters might slightly deviate from the simulation results. Treat these data as a reference point when designing systems.

Table 1: Static force (pull vs gap) - interaction chart
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Distance (mm) Induction (Gauss) / mT Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Risk Status
0 mm 4178 Gs
417.8 mT
 14.65 kg / 32.30 lbs
14650.0 g / 143.7 N
 dangerous!
1 mm 3830 Gs
383.0 mT
 12.31 kg / 27.15 lbs
12314.7 g / 120.8 N
 dangerous!
2 mm 3466 Gs
346.6 mT
 10.08 kg / 22.23 lbs
10083.5 g / 98.9 N
 dangerous!
3 mm 3104 Gs
310.4 mT
 8.09 kg / 17.83 lbs
8086.3 g / 79.3 N
 warning
5 mm 2432 Gs
243.2 mT
 4.97 kg / 10.95 lbs
4966.5 g / 48.7 N
 warning
10 mm 1257 Gs
125.7 mT
 1.33 kg / 2.93 lbs
1327.0 g / 13.0 N
 safe
15 mm 671 Gs
67.1 mT
 0.38 kg / 0.83 lbs
378.5 g / 3.7 N
 safe
20 mm 386 Gs
38.6 mT
 0.13 kg / 0.28 lbs
125.0 g / 1.2 N
 safe
30 mm 156 Gs
15.6 mT
 0.02 kg / 0.04 lbs
20.4 g / 0.2 N
 safe
50 mm 43 Gs
4.3 mT
 0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
1.5 g / 0.0 N
 safe
Grip strength drops significantly with every subsequent millimeter of distance. Keep in mind that every additional insulation layer (e.g., dirt, paint, dust) strongly diminishes the holding power. Magnets work most effectively during direct contact; distance weakens the power. Observe how flashily the load capacity fall, when the magnet does not adhere directly to the metal substrate. When designing the arrangement, avoid unnecessary gaps.

Table 2: Slippage capacity (vertical surface)
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Distance (mm) Friction coefficient Pull Force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0 mm Stal (~0.2) 2.93 kg / 6.46 lbs
2930.0 g / 28.7 N
1 mm Stal (~0.2) 2.46 kg / 5.43 lbs
2462.0 g / 24.2 N
2 mm Stal (~0.2) 2.02 kg / 4.44 lbs
2016.0 g / 19.8 N
3 mm Stal (~0.2) 1.62 kg / 3.57 lbs
1618.0 g / 15.9 N
5 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.99 kg / 2.19 lbs
994.0 g / 9.8 N
10 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.27 kg / 0.59 lbs
266.0 g / 2.6 N
15 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.08 kg / 0.17 lbs
76.0 g / 0.7 N
20 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.03 kg / 0.06 lbs
26.0 g / 0.3 N
30 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.01 lbs
4.0 g / 0.0 N
50 mm Stal (~0.2) 0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
0.0 g / 0.0 N
The table below presents the estimated weight limit necessary to cause the slippage of the magnet down along a vertical steel wall (considering standard friction coefficient). This parameter is relative to the air gap between the magnet and the surface.

Table 3: Wall mounting (shearing) - behavior on slippery surfaces
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Surface type Friction coefficient / % Mocy Max load (kg/lbs/g/N)
Raw steel
µ = 0.3 30% Nominalnej Siły
4.40 kg / 9.69 lbs
4395.0 g / 43.1 N
Painted steel (standard)
µ = 0.2 20% Nominalnej Siły
2.93 kg / 6.46 lbs
2930.0 g / 28.7 N
Oily/slippery steel
µ = 0.1 10% Nominalnej Siły
1.47 kg / 3.23 lbs
1465.0 g / 14.4 N
Magnet with anti-slip rubber
µ = 0.5 50% Nominalnej Siły
7.33 kg / 16.15 lbs
7325.0 g / 71.9 N
When hanging a holder on a vertical wall (e.g., a board), it will maintain barely about 20%-30% of its maximum pull force. Gravity as well as a low friction coefficient cause that magnets slide down faster than they pop off the substrate. Planning a wall mount? Remember that the shear force is noticeably lower than the perpendicular breakaway force. On a slippery surface, the magnet will slip down under a significantly smaller load. Application of an anti-slip pad can drastically raise the stability.

Table 4: Material efficiency (saturation) - power losses
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Steel thickness (mm) % power Real pull force (kg/lbs/g/N)
0.5 mm
5%
 0.73 kg / 1.61 lbs
732.5 g / 7.2 N
1 mm
13%
 1.83 kg / 4.04 lbs
1831.3 g / 18.0 N
2 mm
25%
 3.66 kg / 8.07 lbs
3662.5 g / 35.9 N
3 mm
38%
 5.49 kg / 12.11 lbs
5493.8 g / 53.9 N
5 mm
63%
 9.16 kg / 20.19 lbs
9156.3 g / 89.8 N
10 mm
100%
 14.65 kg / 32.30 lbs
14650.0 g / 143.7 N
11 mm
100%
 14.65 kg / 32.30 lbs
14650.0 g / 143.7 N
12 mm
100%
 14.65 kg / 32.30 lbs
14650.0 g / 143.7 N
A thin sheet cannot absorb the entire magnetic field, which weakens actual performance of the holder. If you install a neodymium to a thin surface, the field will pass right through and the attraction force will be weaker. To utilize the maximum of this magnet's power, you need a suitably thick piece of steel. The material oversaturation means that on delicate walls (e.g., car bodies), the product shows lower pull force. We suggest choosing the steel cross-section according to the table below.

Table 5: Thermal stability (stability) - thermal limit
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Ambient temp. (°C) Power loss Remaining pull (kg/lbs/g/N) Status
20 °C 0.0% 14.65 kg / 32.30 lbs
14650.0 g / 143.7 N
 OK
40 °C -2.2% 14.33 kg / 31.59 lbs
14327.7 g / 140.6 N
 OK
60 °C -4.4% 14.01 kg / 30.88 lbs
14005.4 g / 137.4 N
80 °C -6.6% 13.68 kg / 30.17 lbs
13683.1 g / 134.2 N
100 °C -28.8% 10.43 kg / 23.00 lbs
10430.8 g / 102.3 N
Ordinary NdFeB products lose power past the thermal threshold. Protect against heat – high temperature can permanently demagnetize this magnet. As the temperature rises, the neodymium's power momentarily decreases. Avoid using this magnet close to ovens exceeding its safe range. Too high temperature will lead to destruction of magnetism.
*Engineering note: Temperature resistance is determined by both grade, as well as the dimension ratios. Flat magnets (pancake types) risk losing magnetic properties under lower heat stress than long magnets. Warning indicator in the table indicates a risk of irreversible loss for this particular item.

Table 6: Magnet-Magnet interaction (repulsion) - field range
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Gap (mm) Attraction (kg/lbs) (N-S) Lateral Force (kg/lbs/g/N) Repulsion (kg/lbs) (N-N)
0 mm 40.53 kg / 89.35 lbs
5 433 Gs
6.08 kg / 13.40 lbs
6079 g / 59.6 N
 N/A
1 mm 37.31 kg / 82.26 lbs
8 017 Gs
5.60 kg / 12.34 lbs
5597 g / 54.9 N
 33.58 kg / 74.03 lbs
~0 Gs
2 mm 34.07 kg / 75.11 lbs
7 660 Gs
5.11 kg / 11.27 lbs
5110 g / 50.1 N
 30.66 kg / 67.60 lbs
~0 Gs
3 mm 30.92 kg / 68.16 lbs
7 297 Gs
4.64 kg / 10.22 lbs
4637 g / 45.5 N
 27.82 kg / 61.34 lbs
~0 Gs
5 mm 25.04 kg / 55.20 lbs
6 567 Gs
3.76 kg / 8.28 lbs
3756 g / 36.8 N
 22.54 kg / 49.68 lbs
~0 Gs
10 mm 13.74 kg / 30.29 lbs
4 865 Gs
2.06 kg / 4.54 lbs
2061 g / 20.2 N
 12.37 kg / 27.26 lbs
~0 Gs
20 mm 3.67 kg / 8.09 lbs
2 515 Gs
0.55 kg / 1.21 lbs
551 g / 5.4 N
 3.30 kg / 7.28 lbs
~0 Gs
50 mm 0.13 kg / 0.29 lbs
476 Gs
0.02 kg / 0.04 lbs
20 g / 0.2 N
 0.12 kg / 0.26 lbs
~0 Gs
60 mm 0.06 kg / 0.12 lbs
312 Gs
0.01 kg / 0.02 lbs
8 g / 0.1 N
 0.05 kg / 0.11 lbs
~0 Gs
70 mm 0.03 kg / 0.06 lbs
214 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.01 lbs
4 g / 0.0 N
 0.02 kg / 0.05 lbs
~0 Gs
80 mm 0.01 kg / 0.03 lbs
153 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
2 g / 0.0 N
 0.01 kg / 0.03 lbs
~0 Gs
90 mm 0.01 kg / 0.02 lbs
113 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
1 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
~0 Gs
100 mm 0.00 kg / 0.01 lbs
86 Gs
0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
1 g / 0.0 N
 0.00 kg / 0.00 lbs
~0 Gs
Two strong neodymiums attract each other from a significantly greater distance than a neodymium and metal setup. The setup of magnet-to-magnet creates a more powerful interaction and a further horizon of operation. Planning to create a strong closure? Apply two magnets instead of one magnet and a steel. Remember that when attracting two neodymiums, the impact force is extreme. The repulsion force is a bit weaker than the attraction, but still significant.
*Field value between like poles is approximately ~0 Gs at the geometric center between the magnets (resulting from vector opposition).
* Estimates demonstrate shear force of a pair of same neodymium magnets (friction coefficient ~0.15 for Ni-Ni coating).

Table 7: Safety (HSE) (electronics) - precautionary measures
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Object / Device Limit (Gauss) / mT Safe distance
Pacemaker 5 Gs (0.5 mT) 11.0 cm
Hearing aid 10 Gs (1.0 mT) 9.0 cm
Mechanical watch 20 Gs (2.0 mT) 7.0 cm
Phone / Smartphone 40 Gs (4.0 mT) 5.5 cm
Remote 50 Gs (5.0 mT) 5.0 cm
Payment card 400 Gs (40.0 mT) 2.0 cm
HDD hard drive 600 Gs (60.0 mT) 2.0 cm
Powerful magnet radiation poses a large risk to electronic devices as well as medical implants. These magnets generate a flux that prevents correct functioning of sensitive medical devices. Be aware: the unseen radiation passes through tissues and plastic. Increased vigilance must be exercised by people with cochlear implants and drug dispensers. Also at risk are: automatic timepieces, remotes, speakers, and screens. Avoid contact with magnetic cards, hard drives, or precise measuring instruments.

Table 8: Collisions (kinetic energy) - collision effects
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Start from (mm) Speed (km/h) Energy (J) Predicted outcome
10 mm 24.23 km/h
(6.73 m/s)
 0.64 J
30 mm 39.81 km/h
(11.06 m/s)
 1.73 J
50 mm 51.36 km/h
(14.27 m/s)
 2.87 J
100 mm 72.63 km/h
(20.17 m/s)
 5.75 J
Magnetic elements are delicate – a collision with steel causes immediate chipping. Watch the impact speed – a magnet released freely becomes dangerous. Impact energy can destroy the magnet or injury to skin. Be sure to control the product during mounting so it doesn't slam with momentum against the metal. A collision at high speed ends with a crack of the magnet. Wear safety glasses when playing with powerful specimens.

Table 9: Anti-corrosion coating durability
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Technical parameter Value / Description
Coating type [NiCuNi] Nickel
Layer structure Nickel - Copper - Nickel
Layer thickness 10-20 µm
Salt spray test (SST) ? 24 h
Recommended environment Indoors only (dry)
The SST (salt spray test) is an industry standard for determining coating lifespan in harsh conditions. Note the thickness of the protective layer.

Table 10: Construction data (Flux)
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Parameter Value SI Unit / Description
Magnetic Flux 16 059 Mx 160.6 µWb
Pc Coefficient 0.55 Low (Flat)
Flux value passing through the pole surface. Key data for generator designers and motors. The Pc coefficient defines the magnet's operating point.

Table 11: Submerged application
MW 21.9x10 / N38

Environment Effective steel pull Effect
Air (land) 14.65 kg Standard
Water (riverbed) 16.77 kg
(+2.12 kg buoyancy gain)
+14.5%
Warning: This magnet has a standard nickel coating. After use in water, it must be dried and maintained immediately, otherwise it will rust!
In water, the magnet feels stronger thanks to Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy helps in lifting finds.
1. Sliding resistance

*Caution: On a vertical surface, the magnet holds only approx. 20-30% of its max power.

2. Efficiency vs thickness

*Thin metal sheet (e.g. computer case) severely weakens the holding force.

3. Temperature resistance

*For N38 grade, the safety limit is 80°C.

4. Demagnetization curve and operating point (B-H)

chart generated for the permeance coefficient Pc (Permeance Coefficient) = 0.55

The chart above illustrates the magnetic characteristics of the material within the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. The solid red line represents the demagnetization curve (material potential), while the dashed blue line is the load line based on the magnet's geometry. The Pc (Permeance Coefficient), also known as the load line slope, is a dimensionless value that describes the relationship between the magnet's shape and its magnetic stability. The intersection of these two lines (the black dot) is the operating point — it determines the actual magnetic flux density generated by the magnet in this specific configuration. A higher Pc value means the magnet is more 'slender' (tall relative to its area), resulting in a higher operating point and better resistance to irreversible demagnetization caused by external fields or temperature. A value of 0.42 is relatively low (typical for flat magnets), meaning the operating point is closer to the 'knee' of the curve — caution is advised when operating at temperatures near the maximum limit to avoid strength loss.

Engineering data and GPSR
Elemental analysis
iron (Fe) 64% – 68%
neodymium (Nd) 29% – 32%
boron (B) 1.1% – 1.2%
dysprosium (Dy) 0.5% – 2.0%
coating (Ni-Cu-Ni) < 0.05%
Ecology and recycling (GPSR)
recyclability (EoL) 100%
recycled raw materials ~10% (pre-cons)
carbon footprint low / zredukowany
waste code (EWC) 16 02 16
Safety card (GPSR)
responsible entity
Dhit sp. z o.o.
ul. Kościuszki 6A, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki
tel: +48 22 499 98 98 | e-mail: bok@dhit.pl
batch number/type
id: 010045-2026
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The presented product is a very strong rod magnet, composed of advanced NdFeB material, which, with dimensions of Ø21.9x10 mm, guarantees the highest energy density. This specific item features high dimensional repeatability and professional build quality, making it a perfect solution for professional engineers and designers. As a cylindrical magnet with impressive force (approx. 14.65 kg), this product is available off-the-shelf from our European logistics center, ensuring quick order fulfillment. Furthermore, its triple-layer Ni-Cu-Ni coating secures it against corrosion in standard operating conditions, guaranteeing an aesthetic appearance and durability for years.
It successfully proves itself in DIY projects, advanced automation, and broadly understood industry, serving as a fastening or actuating element. Thanks to the high power of 143.71 N with a weight of only 28.25 g, this rod is indispensable in miniature devices and wherever low weight is crucial.
Since our magnets have a very precise dimensions, the best method is to glue them into holes with a slightly larger diameter (e.g., 21.9.1 mm) using epoxy glues. To ensure long-term durability in industry, anaerobic resins are used, which are safe for nickel and fill the gap, guaranteeing durability of the connection.
Magnets N38 are strong enough for the majority of applications in automation and machine building, where excessive miniaturization with maximum force is not required. If you need the strongest magnets in the same volume (Ø21.9x10), contact us regarding higher grades (e.g., N50, N52), however, N38 is the standard available off-the-shelf in our warehouse.
This model is characterized by dimensions Ø21.9x10 mm, which, at a weight of 28.25 g, makes it an element with high magnetic energy density. The key parameter here is the lifting capacity amounting to approximately 14.65 kg (force ~143.71 N), which, with such defined dimensions, proves the high grade of the NdFeB material. The product has a [NiCuNi] coating, which secures it against oxidation, giving it an aesthetic, silvery shine.
Standardly, the magnetic axis runs through the center of the cylinder, causing the greatest attraction force to occur on the bases with a diameter of 21.9 mm. Such an arrangement is standard when connecting magnets in stacks (e.g., in filters) or when mounting in sockets at the bottom of a hole. On request, we can also produce versions magnetized diametrically if your project requires it.

Pros and cons of neodymium magnets.

Pros

In addition to their long-term stability, neodymium magnets provide the following advantages:
  • Their power is durable, and after around ten years it drops only by ~1% (theoretically),
  • Magnets very well protect themselves against demagnetization caused by foreign field sources,
  • By applying a shiny coating of nickel, the element has an aesthetic look,
  • They feature high magnetic induction at the operating surface, making them more effective,
  • Made from properly selected components, these magnets show impressive resistance to high heat, enabling them to function (depending on their shape) at temperatures up to 230°C and above...
  • Due to the possibility of flexible forming and adaptation to specialized needs, neodymium magnets can be modeled in a broad palette of geometric configurations, which increases their versatility,
  • Significant place in modern technologies – they find application in hard drives, electric motors, diagnostic systems, also other advanced devices.
  • Thanks to efficiency per cm³, small magnets offer high operating force, in miniature format,

Disadvantages

Drawbacks and weaknesses of neodymium magnets and proposals for their use:
  • Susceptibility to cracking is one of their disadvantages. Upon intense impact they can fracture. We advise keeping them in a steel housing, which not only secures them against impacts but also increases their durability
  • We warn that neodymium magnets can reduce their power at high temperatures. To prevent this, we advise our specialized [AH] magnets, which work effectively even at 230°C.
  • Due to the susceptibility of magnets to corrosion in a humid environment, we advise using waterproof magnets made of rubber, plastic or other material immune to moisture, when using outdoors
  • We suggest a housing - magnetic mechanism, due to difficulties in realizing nuts inside the magnet and complicated shapes.
  • Health risk related to microscopic parts of magnets are risky, in case of ingestion, which gains importance in the context of child health protection. It is also worth noting that small components of these magnets are able to be problematic in diagnostics medical when they are in the body.
  • Higher cost of purchase is a significant factor to consider compared to ceramic magnets, especially in budget applications

Pull force analysis

Maximum magnetic pulling force – what affects it?

The load parameter shown refers to the peak performance, measured under laboratory conditions, namely:
  • on a plate made of mild steel, perfectly concentrating the magnetic flux
  • possessing a massiveness of min. 10 mm to avoid saturation
  • with a surface free of scratches
  • with zero gap (without paint)
  • under vertical force direction (90-degree angle)
  • at conditions approx. 20°C

Impact of factors on magnetic holding capacity in practice

During everyday use, the real power depends on several key aspects, listed from crucial:
  • Space between surfaces – every millimeter of distance (caused e.g. by veneer or unevenness) diminishes the magnet efficiency, often by half at just 0.5 mm.
  • Angle of force application – maximum parameter is obtained only during perpendicular pulling. The force required to slide of the magnet along the plate is standardly many times smaller (approx. 1/5 of the lifting capacity).
  • Substrate thickness – for full efficiency, the steel must be sufficiently thick. Paper-thin metal limits the attraction force (the magnet "punches through" it).
  • Material type – the best choice is high-permeability steel. Stainless steels may generate lower lifting capacity.
  • Plate texture – ground elements ensure maximum contact, which improves field saturation. Uneven metal weaken the grip.
  • Thermal conditions – NdFeB sinters have a negative temperature coefficient. At higher temperatures they are weaker, and in frost gain strength (up to a certain limit).

Lifting capacity was determined by applying a smooth steel plate of optimal thickness (min. 20 mm), under perpendicular detachment force, in contrast under attempts to slide the magnet the lifting capacity is smaller. Moreover, even a minimal clearance between the magnet’s surface and the plate reduces the holding force.

Safe handling of NdFeB magnets
Conscious usage

Use magnets with awareness. Their huge power can shock even experienced users. Plan your moves and do not underestimate their power.

Sensitization to coating

Studies show that nickel (standard magnet coating) is a common allergen. If you have an allergy, prevent touching magnets with bare hands or select versions in plastic housing.

Serious injuries

Watch your fingers. Two powerful magnets will snap together immediately with a force of several hundred kilograms, destroying everything in their path. Exercise extreme caution!

Do not give to children

Only for adults. Tiny parts pose a choking risk, leading to serious injuries. Store away from children and animals.

Health Danger

For implant holders: Powerful magnets disrupt electronics. Maintain minimum 30 cm distance or request help to work with the magnets.

Protect data

Avoid bringing magnets near a purse, computer, or screen. The magnetism can irreversibly ruin these devices and wipe information from cards.

Beware of splinters

Watch out for shards. Magnets can explode upon violent connection, launching shards into the air. Eye protection is mandatory.

Dust is flammable

Dust generated during grinding of magnets is self-igniting. Do not drill into magnets without proper cooling and knowledge.

GPS Danger

An intense magnetic field disrupts the functioning of magnetometers in phones and GPS navigation. Maintain magnets close to a smartphone to avoid damaging the sensors.

Heat sensitivity

Monitor thermal conditions. Exposing the magnet above 80 degrees Celsius will destroy its magnetic structure and pulling force.

Caution! Learn more about hazards in the article: Safety of working with magnets.