Glossary of magnetic terminology
How to navigate the world of neodymium magnets?
Warm greetings to our detailed glossary dedicated to the fascinating world of neodymium magnets. As a recognized supplier in providing excellent magnetic solutions, we know how essential it is to have a deep understanding about the terminology in this exceptional field. This glossary has been carefully developed to serve as an valuable source of information for everyone who is curious about magnets – whether you are an specialist, a hobbyist, or an enthusiast the knowledge of magnets.
In our glossary, you will find accessible and thorough explanations of key terms and ideas related to neodymium magnets. From the mechanisms behind magnetic functions and flux density, to behavioral trends and material grades, each definition has been designed to expand your understanding and ease the comprehension of even the intricate ideas. If you are exploring industrial applications, conducting scientific experiments, or simply learning magnetism, this glossary is here to help you navigate.
Discover the fascinating world of neodymium magnets with ease. Expand your knowledge, uncover new insights, and realize the possibilities of these indispensable materials, grasping definitions and theories that describe their operation and utility. Consider this glossary as your tool in navigating the dynamic landscape of magnetic technology.
Litera: A
The air gap is the space filled with air that separates a magnet from another object. Increasing the gap weakens the attractive force. Formula: B = μ0(H - M), where:
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
An anisotropic material, such as neodymium magnets, has properties that vary with direction. Anisotropic magnets are stronger than uniform magnets, but they can only be magnetized along a specific axis.
Annealing is a heat treatment process in magnetic materials. It is performed under controlled conditions, usually in a protective atmosphere to prevent material degradation. Annealing improves the structure and allows for better performance in applications.
Axial magnetization means that the magnetic poles are located at opposite ends of the magnet, and the lines of force run along the length of the magnet. This configuration is popular in ring-shaped and spherical magnets. Formula: Bz = (Br/2) × [(L + 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5 - (L - 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5].
Litera: B
Magnetic induction B is the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area. It is measured or gauss. Formula: B = μ0(H + M), where:
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - applied magnetic field,
M - magnetization.
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - applied magnetic field,
M - magnetization.
The hysteresis loop is a chart of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and field strength. It helps determine properties like magnetic energy loss. The hysteresis loop is a fundamental tool in evaluating materials used in transformers.
Remanent induction Bd is the remaining magnetization in a material after the magnetizing force is removed. It is measured in teslas and represents the material's ability to maintain residual magnetization.
The slope of the operating line, denoted as Bd/Hd, is the ratio of remanent induction to demagnetizing force. Formula: Bd/Hd = (Br - Hd) / Hd. This is a key parameter in the design of electromagnetic systems.
Bg represents the level of magnetic field in the air gap. It is a critical parameter in designing devices based on magnetic circuits. Formula: Bg = Φ / A, where:
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Litera: C
The C.G.S. system of units is primarily used in magnetism for describing material properties. Despite being succeeded by the MKSA (SI) system, C.G.S. is still relevant in magnetic data presentations. This system includes units for magnetizing force and magnetic induction.
A closed circuit refers to a configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop. It uses magnetic components to ensure continuity of magnetic field flow. Such circuits are essential in applications requiring controlled magnetic fields.
Coercive force, denoted as Hc, is the necessary strength to reduce magnetic induction to zero. This parameter measures the material's resistance to demagnetization. Formula: Hc = -M/χ, where:
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
Coercivity measures a magnetic material's resistance to demagnetization. It also affects magnetic stability under varying conditions.
Intrinsic coercivity, denoted as Hci or iHc, represents the material's resistance to losing magnetization. It measures the demagnetizing force required to reduce internal magnetization to zero. Materials with high coercivity offer magnetic stability.
Curie temperature is the point at which ferromagnetic materials lose their magnetic properties. Beyond this temperature, the magnetic structure becomes disordered. Formula: Tc = (2kB / μ0) × J02 / χ, where:
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
Litera: D
Demagnetization refers to the process of weakening residual induction in a material. Methods include applying alternating magnetic fields, heating above the Curie temperature. This process is essential in applications requiring complete removal of magnetic properties.
The demagnetization curve illustrates the relationship through cycles of magnetization and demagnetization. It reveals the material's hysteresis characteristics, including stability of magnetic properties. This tool is commonly used in designing magnetic circuits.
Demagnetization force refers to the opposing magnetic field that induces demagnetization. This force allows for controlling the level of magnetization in materials.
A demagnetized material is one where all residual magnetization has been removed. This state is achieved through or other demagnetization techniques such as heating. Demagnetization is important in eliminating unwanted magnetic effects.
approximately 7.5 g/cm³, is one of the key parameters defining its magnetic properties. Density can be easily calculated using the formula:
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
Diamagnetic materials exhibit weak repulsion to magnetic fields. When exposed to an external field, they generate an opposing field. This behavior results from induced currents within the material.
Diameter refers to the distance between the farthest points across the surface of or other geometric shape. It is a critical parameter in ensuring precise component alignment.
Diametrically magnetized magnets have poles located on opposite sides of the diameter. They are particularly useful in applications requiring radial or rotational interactions.
Dimensional tolerance specifies the acceptable deviation from specified dimensions. It is crucial for integrating magnetic components into systems.
Dimensions refer to the measurable physical properties of a magnet. Accurate dimensioning is essential for system design.
The direction of magnetization defines the path along which the magnetic field is established. This is a critical feature that affects field interactions with other elements.
Domains are zones within a magnetic material where magnetic moments align in the same direction. They can be altered by physical and mechanical factors.
Litera: E
Eddy currents are electrical currents induced in conductive materials when exposed to fluctuations in the magnetic field. They cause energy losses, heating, or resistive effects. The use of optimized designs minimizes their impact and enhances performance.
An electromagnet is a magnet that relies on an electric coil to produce a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current. Electromagnets are widely used in such as motors, generators, or MRI systems.
The energy product is an indicator of a magnet's ability to supply energy. It is calculated as the product of magnetic induction (Bd) and magnetizing force (Hd). Expressed in various units, it is a critical parameter for evaluating the performance and strength of magnets.
Measured as the product of the material's remanence and coercivity. This parameter is essential in evaluating the performance and strength of a magnet in industrial applications.
Litera: F
Ferrites are substances primarily composed of iron oxide (Fe2O3). Renowned for their high-frequency properties. Used in transformers, inductors, and telecommunication devices.
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by its ability to amplify magnetic flux. In such materials, atoms generate a strong magnetic field. Examples include iron, nickel, cobalt. They are widely used due to their permanent magnetic properties.
Flux density, denoted as B, defines the strength of the magnetic field. Measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G), it is a crucial parameter for evaluating magnet performance.
A fluxmeter is used to quantify the magnetic field strength. It employs various technologies such as the Hall effect or rotating coil techniques. It is essential for diagnostics and design.
Litera: G
Gauss is a unit of magnetic induction. One Gauss (G) equals a smaller scale of magnetic induction. A historically popular unit.
A Gauss meter is a device for measuring magnetic field strength. It uses Hall effect sensors. Helpful in magnetic diagnostics.
The Gilbert is named after William Gilbert, a pioneer in magnetic research. One Gilbert represents an older measure now replaced by ampere-turns (At) in the SI system.
The grade of a magnet refers to performance and suitability for specific applications. Higher grades offer greater resistance to temperatures and demagnetizing forces.
Litera: H
A Hall sensor operates on the principle of the Hall effect, which involves inducing a voltage in a conductor in the presence of a magnetic field. Hall sensors are widely utilized in electronics, such as ABS systems in vehicles.
Coercive force (Hc) represents the magnetic field strength needed to reduce a material's residual induction (Br) to zero. Expressed in SI units, higher Hc values indicate resistance to external influences.
Hd denotes the magnetic field strength required to achieve a specific remanent induction (Bd). Measured in oersteds (Oe) or kiloamperes per meter (kA/m).
A high field gradient magnet produces precisely controlled gradients. Applications include and scientific research requiring advanced field parameters.
Hm represents a key parameter in magnetic system design. It is critical for designing systems requiring high magnetic fields.
A homogeneous field is characterized by constant strength and direction. It is crucial for applications requiring precise magnetic fields.
A horseshoe magnet has enhancing the field strength in that region. and applications requiring focused magnetic fields.
Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to an essential parameter for analyzing the magnetic properties of materials. Measured in units of magnetic force.
The hysteresis graph, also called a permeameter, illustrates the magnetic characteristics of materials. It is used in quality control, energy loss analysis.
The hysteresis loop is a characteristic of magnetic materials. It provides information about energy losses, coercivity, and energy storage capacity.
Hysteresis refers to a material's ability to retain partial magnetization after the external field is removed. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost as heat during magnetization and demagnetization cycles. Minimizing hysteresis loss improves the efficiency of magnetic systems.
Litera: I
Inner diameter (ID) refers to the distance between the inner surfaces of an object. It is an essential parameter in magnetic circuit design.
Magnetic induction (B) represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area. It is measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G). Essential for designing and analyzing magnetic systems.
Irreversible losses refer to a permanent reduction in a material's magnetization. They result in challenges in long-term magnet usage.
An isotropic material exhibits the same magnetic properties in all directions. Often compared to anisotropic materials with direction-dependent properties.
Litera: K
A keeper is an accessory preventing demagnetization of magnets. helps maintain the magnet's strength. Used primarily with historical magnet models.
Kilogauss (kG) is a unit of magnetic field measurement. 1 kilogauss = 1000 Gauss. and industrial sectors requiring strong magnetic fields.
Litera: L
The load line represents a graphical relationship between remanent induction (Bd) and demagnetizing force (Hd). Helps evaluate magnetic material behavior and stability.
Lodestone is the first known natural magnet. possesses unique properties due to its magnetic domain alignment.
Litera: M
A magnet is an object producing a magnetic field with magnetic poles. widely used in electronics, motors, generators, and magnetic storage devices.
A magnetic assembly is designed to achieve specific magnetic properties. Used in sensors, magnetic separators.
The magnetic axis is an imaginary line within a magnet where the magnetic field is most concentrated or intense. It connects the poles of the magnet and defines the orientation of its magnetic field.
A magnetic circuit is analogous to an electrical circuit. key to designing magnetic devices.
Magnetic energy is the energy stored within a magnetic field. Important in applications like magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic generators.
A magnetic field (B) is an area where magnetic materials or electric charges experience a magnetic force. Represented by magnetic flux lines.
Magnetic field strength (H) is the intensity of the magnetic field in a circuit. expressed in amperes per meter (A/m).
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a specific area. key in analyzing magnetic circuits and induction phenomena.
Magnetic flux density, denoted as B, is a parameter describing the intensity of the magnetic field at a specific location. It represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area.
The equation for it is:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
The equation for it is:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
Provides key data such as remanence and coercivity. Ideal for applications in transformers and electric motors.
Magnetic induction measures the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area. Magnetic flux density is a key parameter in designing magnetic systems.
A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is the path showing how magnetic poles would move within the field. The density of field lines reflects the strength of the field at various locations.
A magnetic path refers to a configuration involving magnetic materials, air gaps, and other elements. minimizes magnetic losses.
A key parameter in the design of magnetic circuits. Materials with high permeability are more effective at concentrating magnetic fields.
Magnetic poles are regions where the magnetic field is strongest. Pole polarity determines attraction and repulsion forces between magnets.
Magnetic saturation describes the maximum magnetic field intensity a material can achieve. This parameter is vital when selecting materials for high-field applications.
Magnetization is the process of imparting magnetic properties to a material by aligning its magnetic domains. Control over the magnetization process enables achieving optimal parameters.
Magnetization refers to the process of aligning or inducing a magnetic field within a material. key to the function of magnets and magnetic devices.
A magnetization curve, also called a B-H curve or demagnetization curve, represents a graphical depiction of a material's magnetic properties. Provides critical insights into material characteristics, saturation, and magnetic stability.
Magnetized refers to the result of aligning magnetic moments in a specific direction. Magnetized materials exhibit magnetic properties and can attract or repel other magnetic materials.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) is a measure of the difference in magnetic potential. Analogous to electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits.
In magnetism, material refers to classified as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic materials like iron can be permanently magnetized.
Maximum energy product, denoted as BHmax, is a measure of the maximum energy a magnet can deliver per unit volume.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
Maximum operating temperature (Tmax) is the highest temperature at which a magnetic material can operate without significant degradation or loss of magnetic properties. Temperatures exceeding Tmax may result in material demagnetization.
Maxwell is represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface area of one square centimeter in a magnetic field of one gauss. This unit is used in the CGS system and corresponds to 10^−8 webers (Wb).
Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) is a unit used to express the maximum energy product (BHmax) of permanent magnets. This unit helps assess the magnetic potential of magnets in complex magnetic circuits.
A monopole refers to a theoretical concept explored in physics, particularly particle physics. So far, monopoles have not been observed in nature.
Litera: N
N rating refers to a numerical designation, e.g., N35, N42, or N52, indicating the maximum energy product (BHmax). These ratings assist users in selecting appropriate magnets for specific applications.
The north pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. associated with the direction of outgoing magnetic field lines.
Litera: O
Oersted is a unit used to measure the intensity of the magnetic field (H). mainly used in the CGS system.
An open circuit refers to a condition where a magnetic circuit is not closed or complete. In this state, magnetic field lines cannot form a closed loop, leading to weakened magnetic fields.
Orientation refers to the alignment or positioning of a magnet, magnetic material, or magnetic component relative to a reference axis. can significantly affect magnet interactions and circuit performance.
Litera: P
Paramagnetic materials are substances that exhibit paramagnetism and are weakly attracted to magnetic fields. examples include aluminum, manganese, and oxygen.
Paramagnetism is occurs when materials develop a temporary magnetic moment in the direction of the field. The magnetism disappears once the external field is removed, due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
A permanent magnet is generates a persistent magnetic field without requiring an external magnetic field. It is made from materials with strong magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys.
They are made from materials with high magnetic retention. They are used in devices requiring a constant magnetic field, such as speakers, motors, and generators.
Magnetic permeability is a property of a material determining its ability to conduct magnetic flux. High permeability enables efficient transmission of magnetic flux, critical for designing magnetic circuits.
Magnetic permeability, denoted by the symbol P, is a measure of a material's ability to conduct magnetic flux.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
High permeability is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of magnetic systems.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
High permeability is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of magnetic systems.
indicates the slope of the operating line on the demagnetization curve. This coefficient impacts magnetic stability and parameters such as the energy product (BHmax) in magnetic circuits.
Provides protection against corrosion, oxidation, and demagnetization, enhancing the durability of magnets. Thanks to coatings, magnets can be used in harsh environmental conditions.
like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract. Understanding the polarity of magnets is crucial for their proper application and alignment in various magnetic systems.
these poles determine the direction of magnetic force and interactions between magnets. Their location and properties are critical for optimizing performance in magnetic applications.
Pull force, also known as holding force, describes the force required to separate a magnet from a ferromagnetic surface. It can be estimated using the formula:
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
Litera: R
Rare earth metals are a group of chemical elements, such as neodymium, which are key components of neodymium magnets. Due to their high magnetic strength, they are used in industries, electronics, and consumer technologies.
They are made from rare earth elements like neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium. These magnets are used in industries, medicine, and electronics where strong magnetic fields are required.
Relative permeability is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized compared to a vacuum. Neodymium magnets exhibit high relative permeability, enabling efficient design of magnetic circuits.
Magnetic resistance, denoted by the symbol R, measures a magnetic circuit's opposition to magnetic flux.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
the magnetic equivalent of electrical resistance in current circuits. is a significant parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic systems.
Residual magnetism indicates the magnet's ability to retain its magnetic properties over time. Allows for assessing the long-term stability and suitability of magnets for various applications.
This occurs due to opposing magnetic fields generated by the magnets, causing them to repel each other. Is important in designing systems where avoiding contact between magnets is necessary.
The return path in a magnetic circuit involving neodymium magnets refers to the route through which the magnetic flux travels to complete the magnetic circuit. Is a critical component in designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Litera: S
Shearing force, denoted by the symbol Fs, refers to the force required to displace a magnet along the contact surface in a direction parallel to the contact plane.
The formula for shear force is:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
For example, if F = 50 N and the angle θ = 30°, the shear force is approximately 28.9 N.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
The formula for shear force is:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
For example, if F = 50 N and the angle θ = 30°, the shear force is approximately 28.9 N.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
The south pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. The south pole of a magnet attracts the north pole of another magnet, demonstrating magnetic attraction.
This process involves arranging magnets in series or parallel configurations, enhancing the magnetic field. Such arrangements enable stronger magnetic interactions and improved performance in various applications, such as magnetic separators, holders, or sensors.
Litera: T
Neodymium magnets can produce high levels of magnetic field strength, measured in teslas (T) or subunits like milliteslas (mT). The unit is named after Nikola Tesla, a renowned inventor and physicist whose work revolutionized electromagnetism.
Anisotropic magnets have a specific direction of magnetization, ensuring higher efficiency compared to isotropic magnets. Anisotropic magnets are used in precise devices like electric motors.
Litera: W
Named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber, a German physicist and pioneer of electromagnetic theory. It is a critical parameter for evaluating and quantifying magnetic fields and flux in neodymium magnets.
The weight of a neodymium magnet is an essential parameter influencing its applications. It can be easily calculated based on its density and volume using the formula:
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.