Glossary of magnetic terminology
How to navigate the world of neodymium magnets?
Welcome to our detailed glossary focused on the fascinating world of neodymium magnets. As a leading expert in providing excellent magnetic solutions, we are aware of how crucial it is to have a reliable information about the concepts in this unique field. This glossary has been meticulously prepared to serve as an key source of information for everyone who is curious about magnets – whether you are an expert, a hobbyist, or a person intrigued by the science of magnets.
In our glossary, you will find accessible and detailed explanations of key terms and ideas related to neodymium magnets. From the principles of magnetic fields and field intensity, to material characteristics and magnet types, each definition has been created with the aim of expand your understanding and make accessible even the intricate ideas. If you are exploring industrial applications, carrying out research projects, or simply curious magnetism, this glossary is here to help you navigate.
Explore the captivating world of neodymium magnets with ease. Broaden your understanding, gain fresh perspectives, and discover the applications of these innovative materials, reading about and theories that describe their operation and utility. Let this glossary your tool in navigating the ever-evolving world of magnetic technology.
Litera: A
The air gap is the distance filled with air that separates a magnet from another object. A larger air gap weakens the magnetic field. Formula: B = μ0(H - M), where:
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
An anisotropic material, e.g., neodymium magnets, has properties that vary with direction. Magnets with a preferred magnetization direction are more efficient than uniform magnets, but they can only be magnetized in one direction.
Annealing is a method for relieving internal stresses in magnetic materials. It is performed under controlled conditions, usually in a vacuum to prevent material degradation. Annealing enhances the magnetic properties and allows for better performance in applications.
Axial magnetization means that the magnetic poles are distributed along the axis of the magnet, and the magnetic field lines run parallel to its axis. This configuration is commonly used in cylindrical and spherical magnets. Formula: Bz = (Br/2) × [(L + 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5 - (L - 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5].
Litera: B
Magnetic induction B is the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface. It is measured or gauss. Formula: B = μ0(H + M), where:
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - applied magnetic field,
M - magnetization.
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - applied magnetic field,
M - magnetization.
The hysteresis loop is a chart of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and field strength. It helps determine properties like coercivity. The hysteresis loop is essential in evaluating materials used in transformers.
Remanent induction Bd is the residual magnetic field in a material after the magnetizing force is removed. It is measured in teslas and represents the material's ability to maintain residual magnetization.
The slope of the operating line, denoted as Bd/Hd, is the a coefficient describing magnetic permeability. Formula: Bd/Hd = (Br - Hd) / Hd. This is a key parameter in the design of magnetic circuits.
Bg represents the level of magnetic field in the air gap. It is a important factor in designing devices based on magnetic circuits. Formula: Bg = Φ / A, where:
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Litera: C
The C.G.S. system of units is one of the oldest measurement systems. Although it has been replaced by the MKSA (SI) system, C.G.S. is still relevant in magnetic data presentations. This system includes units for as well as length, mass, and time.
A closed circuit refers to a configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop. It uses magnetic components to ensure minimized flux losses. Such circuits are essential in applications requiring controlled magnetic fields.
Coercive force, denoted as Hc, is the necessary strength to demagnetize a material. This parameter measures the durability of its magnetic properties. Formula: Hc = -M/χ, where:
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
Coercivity measures a magnetic material's resistance to demagnetization. It also affects magnetic stability under varying conditions.
Intrinsic coercivity, denoted as Hci or iHc, represents the ability to maintain its magnetic properties. It measures the demagnetizing force required to reduce internal magnetization to zero. Materials with high coercivity offer magnetic stability.
Curie temperature is the point at which transition to a paramagnetic state. Beyond this temperature, the material ceases to exhibit strong magnetic behavior. Formula: Tc = (2kB / μ0) × J02 / χ, where:
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
Litera: D
Demagnetization refers to the process of weakening residual induction in a material. Methods include or employing demagnetization techniques such as degaussing. This process is essential in applications requiring complete removal of magnetic properties.
The demagnetization curve illustrates the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It reveals the material's hysteresis characteristics, including coercivity and remanent induction. This tool is vital for analyzing magnetic material characteristics.
Demagnetization force refers to the opposing magnetic field that reduces the magnetization of a material. This force allows for controlling the level of magnetization in materials.
A demagnetized material is one where all residual magnetization has been removed. This state is achieved through or other demagnetization techniques such as heating. Demagnetization is important in eliminating unwanted magnetic effects.
approximately 7.5 g/cm³, is one of the key parameters defining its magnetic properties. Density can be approximately determined using the formula:
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Consider a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Consider a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
Diamagnetic materials exhibit weak repulsion to magnetic fields. When exposed to an external field, they produce a repelling effect. This behavior results from induced currents within the material.
Diameter refers to the measured in a straight line across the surface of a disc, ring, or spherical magnet. It is a critical parameter in ensuring precise component alignment.
Diametrically magnetized magnets have creating a circular magnetic field pattern. They are commonly used in applications requiring radial or rotational interactions.
Dimensional tolerance specifies the range of variation in magnet size. It is crucial for integrating magnetic components into systems.
Dimensions refer to the such as length, width, height, or diameter of a magnet. Precision in measurements is key to ensuring the proper functionality of magnetic systems.
The direction of magnetization defines the orientation of magnetic domains. This is a critical feature that affects field interactions with other elements.
Domains are zones within a magnetic material where magnetic moments align in the same direction. They can be altered by external magnetic fields, temperature, or stress.
Litera: E
Eddy currents are electrical currents induced in conductive materials when exposed to fluctuations in the magnetic field. They cause energy losses, heating, or resistive effects. The use of laminated cores or magnetic shielding minimizes their negative effects.
An electromagnet is a magnet created by passing an electric current through a conductor. Adjusting the current allows control over the magnetic field. Electromagnets are applied in industries and technologies.
The energy product is an indicator of a magnet's ability to supply energy. It is calculated as the product of magnetic induction (Bd) and magnetizing force (Hd). Expressed in MGOe (Mega Gauss Oersteds) or kJ/m³, it is a critical parameter for evaluating the performance and strength of magnets.
The energy product represents the maximum energy stored in a magnet. This parameter is essential in evaluating the performance and strength of a magnet in industrial applications.
Litera: F
Ferrites are substances primarily composed of iron oxide (Fe2O3). They combine low electrical conductivity with high magnetic permeability. Used in transformers, inductors, and telecommunication devices.
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by its ability to amplify magnetic flux. In such materials, atoms align parallel under an external magnetic field. Examples include and their alloys. These materials are fundamental due to their ability to retain magnetization.
Flux density, denoted as B, defines the strength of the magnetic field. Measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G), it is a crucial parameter for designing magnetic systems.
A fluxmeter is used to quantify the magnetic field strength. It employs various technologies such as to provide precise measurements. It is a critical engineering tool.
Litera: G
Gauss is named after German physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One Gauss (G) equals a smaller scale of magnetic induction. Commonly used in laboratory applications.
A Gauss meter is a instrument used to determine induction at points in space. It uses Hall effect sensors. Helpful in magnetic diagnostics.
The Gilbert is named after William Gilbert, a pioneer in magnetic research. One Gilbert represents an older measure now replaced by ampere-turns (At) in the SI system.
The grade of a magnet refers to performance and suitability for specific applications. Higher grades offer greater resistance to temperatures and demagnetizing forces.
Litera: H
A Hall sensor operates on the principle of the Hall effect, which involves inducing a voltage in a conductor in the presence of a magnetic field. These devices play a crucial role in industrial automation and precision measurements.
Coercive force (Hc) represents a measure of a material's resistance to demagnetization. Expressed in SI units, higher Hc values indicate resistance to external influences.
Hd denotes the magnetic field strength required to achieve a specific remanent induction (Bd). Measured in various magnetic units.
A high field gradient magnet produces precisely controlled gradients. Applications include and scientific research requiring advanced field parameters.
Hm represents the maximum applied magnetic field strength before a material reaches saturation. It is critical for assessing stability and operational limits of magnetic components.
A homogeneous field is characterized by constant strength and direction. It is crucial for applications requiring precise magnetic fields.
A horseshoe magnet has enhancing the field strength in that region. and applications requiring focused magnetic fields.
Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to the field needed to fully magnetize a material to saturation. Measured in units of magnetic force.
The hysteresis graph, also called a permeameter, illustrates changes in magnetic induction (B) as a function of magnetizing force (H). It is used in and optimizing magnetic designs.
The hysteresis loop is a characteristic of magnetic materials. It provides information about the behavior of materials during magnetization cycles.
Hysteresis refers to a material's ability to retain partial magnetization after the external field is removed. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost as heat during magnetization and demagnetization cycles. crucial for designing transformers and motors.
Litera: I
Inner diameter (ID) refers to the internal dimension of a hollow object, such as a magnet, tube, or ring. It is an essential parameter in magnetic circuit design.
Magnetic induction (B) describes the strength of the magnetic field in a material or space. It is measured in standard SI units. critical in characterizing magnetic materials.
Irreversible losses refer to the effects of high temperatures, mechanical stress, or demagnetizing fields. They result in challenges in long-term magnet usage.
An isotropic material is independent of magnetic field orientation. used in applications requiring uniform magnetic behavior.
Litera: K
A keeper is a soft iron or ferromagnetic element placed on or between the poles of a permanent magnet. It provides a low magnetic resistance path for flux. Used primarily with historical magnet models.
Kilogauss (kG) is a unit of magnetic field measurement. 1 kilogauss = 1000 Gauss. Commonly used in scientific research, magnet testing.
Litera: L
The load line represents the operating points of a magnetic material on the demagnetization curve. Helps evaluate magnetic material behavior and stability.
Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnetic material composed of iron oxide (Fe3O4). possesses unique properties due to its magnetic domain alignment.
Litera: M
A magnet is an object producing a magnetic field with magnetic poles. Can be natural, like lodestone, or artificial, such as neodymium.
A magnetic assembly is designed to achieve specific magnetic properties. and magnetic levitation systems.
The magnetic axis is the preferred path of magnetic flux. essential for analyzing the magnet's behavior and interactions with other magnetic components.
A magnetic circuit is a path through which magnetic flux flows. key to designing magnetic devices.
Magnetic energy is the energy stored within a magnetic field. Important in applications like magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic generators.
A magnetic field (B) is a fundamental electromagnetic phenomenon. Represented by magnetic flux lines.
Magnetic field strength (H) is the intensity of the magnetic field in a circuit. expressed in amperes per meter (A/m).
Magnetic flux is a measure of the total magnetic field in a given region. Expressed in webers (Wb).
Magnetic flux density, denoted as B, is a parameter describing the intensity of the magnetic field at a specific location. It represents the number of magnetic field lines intersecting a surface.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
If the area is 0.05 m² and the magnetic flux is 0.002 Weber, the resulting flux density is 0.04 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
If the area is 0.05 m² and the magnetic flux is 0.002 Weber, the resulting flux density is 0.04 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
Provides key data such as remanence and coercivity. Ideal for applications in transformers and electric motors.
expressed in units like teslas (T) in the SI system or gausses (G) in the CGS system. Magnetic flux density is a key parameter in designing magnetic systems.
A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is an imaginary curve representing the direction and shape of a magnetic field. lines form closed loops for most magnets.
A magnetic path refers to a configuration involving magnetic materials, air gaps, and other elements. minimizes magnetic losses.
Magnetic permeability defines a material's ability to conduct magnetic flux. Their use enhances the efficiency of magnet-based systems.
Magnetic poles are regions where the magnetic field is strongest. Understanding pole interactions is crucial in designing magnetic systems.
Magnetic saturation describes the maximum magnetic field intensity a material can achieve. This parameter is vital when selecting materials for high-field applications.
Magnetization refers to the result of aligning atomic or molecular magnetic moments in a preferred orientation. key to the function of magnets and magnetic devices.
Magnetization is the process of imparting magnetic properties to a material by aligning its magnetic domains. Control over the magnetization process enables achieving optimal parameters.
A magnetization curve, also called a B-H curve or demagnetization curve, represents the relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic induction (B). useful for selecting materials for specific applications.
Magnetized refers to the state of a material possessing a magnetic field or being magnetized. Magnetized materials exhibit magnetic properties and can attract or repel other magnetic materials.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) is a measure of the ability to generate a magnetic field in a magnetic circuit. Analogous to electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits.
In magnetism, material refers to classified as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic. The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its atomic and molecular structure.
Maximum energy product, denoted as BHmax, represents the peak capability of a magnet to store and release magnetic energy.
It is calculated using the equation:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For example, a magnet with B = 1 T and H = 600 kA/m achieves a BHmax of 600 kJ/m³.
BHmax is a critical parameter for evaluating magnet performance, particularly in projects requiring maximum energy efficiency.
It is calculated using the equation:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For example, a magnet with B = 1 T and H = 600 kA/m achieves a BHmax of 600 kJ/m³.
BHmax is a critical parameter for evaluating magnet performance, particularly in projects requiring maximum energy efficiency.
Maximum operating temperature (Tmax) is a crucial parameter for applications in high-temperature environments. Temperatures exceeding Tmax may result in material demagnetization.
Maxwell is represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface area of one square centimeter in a magnetic field of one gauss. critical for historical and scientific magnetic applications.
Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) is a unit used to express the maximum energy product (BHmax) of permanent magnets. This unit helps assess the magnetic potential of magnets in complex magnetic circuits.
A monopole refers to a hypothetical single magnetic pole existing independently as either a north or south magnetic pole. In reality, magnetic poles always occur in pairs, but monopoles are theorized in certain models.
Litera: N
N rating refers to a numerical designation, e.g., N35, N42, or N52, indicating the maximum energy product (BHmax). Higher N ratings correspond to stronger magnets with superior magnetic properties.
The north pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. The north pole of a magnet attracts the south pole of another magnet, generating magnetic attraction.
Litera: O
Oersted is named after Hans Christian Oersted, who discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. mainly used in the CGS system.
An open circuit refers to resulting in a break in the magnetic flux path. open circuits may occur due to air gaps or insufficient magnetic materials.
Orientation refers to the alignment or positioning of a magnet, magnetic material, or magnetic component relative to a reference axis. Proper orientation is critical to achieving desired magnetic properties and optimizing magnetic systems.
Litera: P
Paramagnetic materials are become magnetized in the direction of the external field due to the alignment of atomic or molecular magnetic moments. examples include aluminum, manganese, and oxygen.
Paramagnetism is a property of materials weakly attracted to magnetic fields. examples include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen.
A permanent magnet is generates a persistent magnetic field without requiring an external magnetic field. It is made from materials with strong magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys.
Permanent magnets generate a magnetic field without the need for external power. Their durability and stability make them indispensable in many industrial applications.
a characteristic that allows a material to support the formation of a magnetic field. High permeability enables efficient transmission of magnetic flux, critical for designing magnetic circuits.
Permeance, denoted by the symbol P, describes the ease with which magnetic flux can flow through a specific magnetic circuit.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
The permeance coefficient is the ratio of remanence (Br) to coercive force (Hd) in a magnetic material. is important for designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Plating or coating refers to the process of applying a protective layer to the surface of neodymium magnets. Common coating materials include nickel, copper, epoxy, zinc, gold, and tin.
Polarity describes the orientation of the magnetic field in a neodymium magnet, which has two poles: north and south. plays a significant role in the design of magnet-based devices.
these poles determine the direction of magnetic force and interactions between magnets. Their location and properties are critical for optimizing performance in magnetic applications.
Pull force, also known as holding force, describes a magnet's ability to maintain attachment. It can be approximately calculated using the formula:
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: If the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: If the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
Litera: R
Rare earth metals are a group of chemical elements, such as neodymium, which are key components of neodymium magnets. Due to their high magnetic strength, they are used in industries, electronics, and consumer technologies.
Rare earth magnets, such as neodymium, are known for their exceptional magnetic strength. Their high efficiency makes them indispensable in numerous applications.
Relative permeability is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized compared to a vacuum. is a crucial parameter in magnetic engineering.
the magnetic equivalent of electrical resistance in current circuits. is a significant parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic systems.
Magnetic resistance, denoted by the symbol R, measures a magnetic circuit's opposition to magnetic flux.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Reluctance is analogous to electrical resistance in DC circuits, making it a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits.
Residual magnetism indicates the magnet's ability to retain its magnetic properties over time. It is a key parameter in evaluating the strength and performance of the magnet.
Repelling refers to the phenomenon where like poles of neodymium magnets (e.g., north to north) exert a force that pushes them apart. The repulsive force is proportional to the magnetic strength and distance between the magnets.
Includes the use of ferromagnetic materials or magnetic conductors to guide the magnetic field. Is a critical component in designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Litera: S
Shearing force, denoted by the symbol Fs, refers to the force required to displace a magnet along the contact surface in a direction parallel to the contact plane.
The formula for shear force is:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
This parameter plays a key role in applications such as magnetic mounts or sliding mechanisms.
The formula for shear force is:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
This parameter plays a key role in applications such as magnetic mounts or sliding mechanisms.
It is the pole that, when freely suspended, points toward the Earth's geographic South Pole. Magnetic field lines flow from the north pole to the south pole, defining interaction properties.
Stacking refers to the practice of combining multiple neodymium magnets to create an assembly with increased overall magnetic strength. Such arrangements enable stronger magnetic interactions and improved performance in various applications, such as magnetic separators, holders, or sensors.
Litera: T
Neodymium magnets can produce high levels of magnetic field strength, measured in teslas (T) or subunits like milliteslas (mT). The unit is named after Nikola Tesla, a renowned inventor and physicist whose work revolutionized electromagnetism.
Anisotropic magnets have a specific direction of magnetization, ensuring higher efficiency compared to isotropic magnets. Anisotropic magnets are used in precise devices like electric motors.
Litera: W
Named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber, a German physicist and pioneer of electromagnetic theory. Useful in analyzing magnet effectiveness in applications like generators, motors, and energy storage systems.
The weight of a neodymium magnet is a critical factor influencing its applications. It can be easily calculated based on its density and volume using the formula:
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Knowing the weight is crucial in projects where balance between mass and magnetic force is important.
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: A magnet with a density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Knowing the weight is crucial in projects where balance between mass and magnetic force is important.