Glossary of magnetic terminology
How to navigate the world of neodymium magnets?
Welcome to our detailed glossary focused on the fascinating world of neodymium magnets. As a leading expert in providing top-notch magnetic solutions, we are aware of how essential it is to have a reliable information about the terminology in this unique field. This glossary has been thoughtfully crafted to serve as an key source of information for everyone who is interested in magnets – whether you are an experienced industry professional, a hobbyist, or a person intrigued by the science of magnets.
In our glossary, you will find readable and detailed explanations of important notions and ideas related to neodymium magnets. From the principles of magnetic fields and field intensity, to material characteristics and magnetic innovations, each definition has been created with the aim of expand your understanding and simplify even the sophisticated ideas. If you are researching industrial applications, conducting scientific experiments, or simply learning magnetism, this glossary aims to support your learning.
Discover the fascinating world of neodymium magnets effortlessly. Broaden your understanding, uncover new insights, and discover the applications of these indispensable materials, grasping definitions and theories that define their functionality and utility. Use this glossary your tool in navigating the developing domain of magnetic technology.
Litera: A
The air gap is the distance or another non-magnetic material that separates a magnet from a ferromagnetic material. A larger air gap weakens the magnetic field. Formula: B = μ0(H - M), where:
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
An anisotropic material, e.g., neodymium magnets, has properties dependent on orientation. Magnets with a preferred magnetization direction are more efficient than isotropic magnets, but they can only be magnetized in one direction.
Annealing is a method for relieving internal stresses in magnetic materials. It is performed at high temperatures, usually in a vacuum to prevent oxidation. Annealing improves the structure and allows for better performance in applications.
Axial magnetization means that the magnetic poles are located at opposite ends of the magnet, and the magnetic field lines run along the length of the magnet. This configuration is commonly used in ring-shaped and spherical magnets. Formula: Bz = (Br/2) × [(L + 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5 - (L - 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5].
Litera: B
Magnetic induction B is the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface. It is measured in teslas. Formula: B = μ0(H + M), where:
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
The hysteresis loop is a chart of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It helps determine properties like coercivity. The hysteresis loop is a fundamental tool in evaluating materials used in transformers.
Remanent induction Bd is the remaining magnetization in a material after the magnetizing force is removed. It is measured in teslas and represents the material's ability to retain magnetism.
The slope of the operating line, denoted as Bd/Hd, is the ratio of remanent induction to demagnetizing force. Formula: Bd/Hd = (Br - Hd) / Hd. This is a key parameter in the design of electromagnetic systems.
Bg represents the average magnetic induction in the air gap. It is a critical parameter in designing devices such as sensors and actuators. Formula: Bg = Φ / A, where:
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Litera: C
The C.G.S. system of units is primarily used in magnetism for describing material properties. Although it has been replaced by the MKSA (SI) system, C.G.S. is still relevant in historical and specialized analyses. This system includes units for as well as length, mass, and time.
A closed circuit refers to a configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop. It uses magnetic components to ensure minimized flux losses. Such circuits are essential in applications requiring controlled magnetic fields.
Coercive force, denoted as Hc, is the necessary strength to demagnetize a material. This parameter measures the durability of its magnetic properties. Formula: Hc = -M/χ, where:
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
High coercivity indicates the durability of a material's magnetic properties. This parameter is critical in designing permanent magnets for motors and generators.
Intrinsic coercivity, denoted as Hci or iHc, represents the ability to maintain its magnetic properties. It measures the demagnetizing force required to reduce internal magnetization to zero. Materials with high coercivity exhibit long-lasting magnetic characteristics.
Curie temperature is the point at which transition to a paramagnetic state. Beyond this temperature, the material ceases to exhibit strong magnetic behavior. Formula: Tc = (2kB / μ0) × J02 / χ, where:
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
Litera: D
Demagnetization refers to the process of weakening residual induction in a material. Methods include applying alternating magnetic fields, heating above the Curie temperature. This process is essential in applications requiring complete removal of magnetic properties.
The demagnetization curve illustrates the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It reveals the material's hysteresis characteristics, including stability of magnetic properties. This tool is commonly used in designing magnetic circuits.
Demagnetization force refers to the opposing magnetic field that induces demagnetization. This force allows for controlling the level of magnetization in materials.
A demagnetized material is one where all residual magnetization has been removed. This state is achieved through applying alternating magnetic fields. Demagnetization is important in eliminating unwanted magnetic effects.
The density of a neodymium magnet, typically around 7.5 g/cm³, is one of the key parameters defining its magnetic properties. Density can be easily calculated using the formula:
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Consider a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Consider a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
Diamagnetic materials exhibit weak repulsion to magnetic fields. When exposed to an external field, they produce a repelling effect. This behavior results from creating a counteracting magnetic field.
Diameter refers to the measured in a straight line across the surface of a disc, ring, or spherical magnet. It is a critical parameter in ensuring precise component alignment.
Diametrically magnetized magnets have creating a circular magnetic field pattern. They are particularly useful in applications requiring radial or rotational interactions.
Dimensional tolerance specifies the acceptable deviation from specified dimensions. It is crucial for precise fitting.
Dimensions refer to the such as length, width, height, or diameter of a magnet. Precision in measurements is key to ensuring the proper functionality of magnetic systems.
The direction of magnetization defines the path along which the magnetic field is established. This is a critical feature that affects the material's magnetic behavior.
Domains are microscopic regions where creating localized magnetic fields. They can be altered by external magnetic fields, temperature, or stress.
Litera: E
Eddy currents are electrical currents induced in conductive materials when exposed to fluctuations in the magnetic field. They cause energy losses, heating, or resistive effects. The use of optimized designs minimizes their impact and enhances performance.
An electromagnet is a magnet that relies on an electric coil to produce a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current. Electromagnets are widely used in such as motors, generators, or MRI systems.
The energy product is a measure of the energy stored in a magnetic material. It is calculated as the multiplication of two parameters from the demagnetization curve. Expressed in MGOe (Mega Gauss Oersteds) or kJ/m³, it is a critical parameter for evaluating the performance and strength of magnets.
The energy product represents the maximum energy stored in a magnet. Magnets with higher energy products deliver better efficiency.
Litera: F
Ferrites are ceramic magnetic materials. They combine low electrical conductivity with high magnetic permeability. Used in transformers, inductors, and telecommunication devices.
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by its ability to amplify magnetic flux. In such materials, atoms generate a strong magnetic field. Examples include and their alloys. They are widely used due to their ability to retain magnetization.
Flux density, denoted as represents the amount of flux passing through a unit area. Measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G), it is a crucial parameter for evaluating magnet performance.
A fluxmeter is used to measure magnetic induction (B). It employs various technologies such as the Hall effect or rotating coil techniques. It is a critical engineering tool.
Litera: G
Gauss is named after German physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One Gauss (G) equals a smaller scale of magnetic induction. A historically popular unit.
A Gauss meter is a instrument used to determine induction at points in space. or other techniques to read values in Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). It is used in many branches of engineering and science.
The Gilbert is named after William Gilbert, a pioneer in magnetic research. One Gilbert represents an older measure now replaced by ampere-turns (At) in the SI system.
The grade of a magnet refers to its magnetic properties, such as BHmax or Hc. Higher grades offer better magnetic fields and stability.
Litera: H
A Hall sensor operates on the principle of the Hall effect, which involves inducing a voltage in a conductor in the presence of a magnetic field. These devices play a crucial role in industrial automation and precision measurements.
Coercive force (Hc) represents a measure of a material's resistance to demagnetization. Expressed in SI units, higher Hc values indicate greater magnetic stability.
Hd denotes the force needed to magnetize a material and retain that state after the field is removed. Measured in various magnetic units.
A high field gradient magnet produces precisely controlled gradients. Applications include and scientific research requiring advanced field parameters.
Hm represents a key parameter in magnetic system design. It is critical for assessing stability and operational limits of magnetic components.
A homogeneous field is characterized by a lack of intensity variations over a given area. It is such as spectroscopy or device calibration.
A horseshoe magnet has enhancing the field strength in that region. Popular in education, metal detection.
Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to an essential parameter for analyzing the magnetic properties of materials. Measured in units of magnetic force.
The hysteresis graph, also called a permeameter, illustrates changes in magnetic induction (B) as a function of magnetizing force (H). It is used in and optimizing magnetic designs.
The hysteresis loop is a characteristic of magnetic materials. It provides information about energy losses, coercivity, and energy storage capacity.
Hysteresis refers to a material's ability to retain partial magnetization after the external field is removed. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost as heat during magnetization and demagnetization cycles. Minimizing hysteresis loss improves the efficiency of magnetic systems.
Litera: I
Inner diameter (ID) refers to the internal dimension of a hollow object, such as a magnet, tube, or ring. It is critical for component fitment.
Magnetic induction (B) describes the strength of the magnetic field in a material or space. It is measured in standard SI units. critical in characterizing magnetic materials.
Irreversible losses refer to the effects of high temperatures, mechanical stress, or demagnetizing fields. They result in a decrease in magnetic properties and performance.
An isotropic material is independent of magnetic field orientation. used in applications requiring uniform magnetic behavior.
Litera: K
A keeper is an accessory preventing demagnetization of magnets. It provides a low magnetic resistance path for flux. Used primarily with Alnico magnets or older designs.
Kilogauss (kG) is a unit of magnetic field measurement. 1 kilogauss = 1000 Gauss. Commonly used in scientific research, magnet testing.
Litera: L
The load line represents a graphical relationship between remanent induction (Bd) and demagnetizing force (Hd). Helps evaluate magnetic material behavior and stability.
Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnetic material composed of iron oxide (Fe3O4). Historically used for compasses.
Litera: M
A magnet is a material attracting or repelling other magnetic materials. Can be natural, like lodestone, or artificial, such as neodymium.
A magnetic assembly is a system comprising various magnetic components. Used in sensors, magnetic separators.
The magnetic axis is the preferred path of magnetic flux. essential for analyzing the magnet's behavior and interactions with other magnetic components.
A magnetic circuit is analogous to an electrical circuit. key to designing magnetic devices.
Magnetic energy is the energy stored within a magnetic field. Important in applications like magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic generators.
A magnetic field (B) is an area where magnetic materials or electric charges experience a magnetic force. created by magnets or electric currents.
Magnetic field strength (H) is the intensity of the magnetic field in a circuit. expressed in amperes per meter (A/m).
Magnetic flux is a measure of the total magnetic field in a given region. Expressed in webers (Wb).
Magnetic flux density, denoted as B, is a measure of the strength or concentration of a magnetic field. It represents the number of magnetic field lines intersecting a surface.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
If the area is 0.05 m² and the magnetic flux is 0.002 Weber, the resulting flux density is 0.04 Tesla.
Magnetic flux density is critical for designing devices like motors, generators, or magnetic sensors.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
If the area is 0.05 m² and the magnetic flux is 0.002 Weber, the resulting flux density is 0.04 Tesla.
Magnetic flux density is critical for designing devices like motors, generators, or magnetic sensors.
The hysteresis loop illustrates the behavior of magnetic materials during cycles of magnetization and demagnetization. Materials with a narrower loop have lower energy losses.
Magnetic induction measures the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area. Higher induction values indicate stronger magnetic fields.
A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is the path showing how magnetic poles would move within the field. lines form closed loops for most magnets.
A magnetic path refers to the route taken by magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit or system. A well-designed path ensures efficient magnetic energy transmission.
Magnetic permeability defines a material's ability to conduct magnetic flux. Materials with high permeability are more effective at concentrating magnetic fields.
Magnetic poles are regions where the magnetic field is strongest. Understanding pole interactions is crucial in designing magnetic systems.
Magnetic saturation describes the maximum magnetic field intensity a material can achieve. This parameter is vital when selecting materials for high-field applications.
Magnetization refers to the process of aligning or inducing a magnetic field within a material. It can be achieved by exposure to a magnetic field, electric current flow, or contact with other magnets.
It can be achieved using a magnetic field or electric current. Control over the magnetization process enables achieving optimal parameters.
A magnetization curve, also called a B-H curve or demagnetization curve, represents a graphical depiction of a material's magnetic properties. Provides critical insights into material characteristics, saturation, and magnetic stability.
Magnetized refers to the state of a material possessing a magnetic field or being magnetized. This state can be achieved through exposure to a magnetic field, contact with magnets, or electric current flow.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) is a measure of the difference in magnetic potential. Analogous to electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits.
In magnetism, material refers to classified as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic. The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its atomic and molecular structure.
Maximum energy product, denoted as BHmax, is a measure of the maximum energy a magnet can deliver per unit volume.
It is calculated using the equation:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For example, a magnet with B = 1 T and H = 600 kA/m achieves a BHmax of 600 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
It is calculated using the equation:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For example, a magnet with B = 1 T and H = 600 kA/m achieves a BHmax of 600 kJ/m³.
High BHmax values are characteristic of neodymium magnets, making them indispensable for advanced industrial applications.
Maximum operating temperature (Tmax) is the highest temperature at which a magnetic material can operate without significant degradation or loss of magnetic properties. Temperatures exceeding Tmax may result in material demagnetization.
Maxwell is a unit of magnetic flux named after James Clerk Maxwell. critical for historical and scientific magnetic applications.
Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) is a unit used to express the amount of magnetic energy stored in a magnet per unit volume. This unit helps assess the magnetic potential of magnets in complex magnetic circuits.
A monopole refers to a hypothetical single magnetic pole existing independently as either a north or south magnetic pole. In reality, magnetic poles always occur in pairs, but monopoles are theorized in certain models.
Litera: N
N rating refers to the classification of neodymium magnets based on their magnetic properties and performance. These ratings assist users in selecting appropriate magnets for specific applications.
The north pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. associated with the direction of outgoing magnetic field lines.
Litera: O
Oersted is a unit used to measure the intensity of the magnetic field (H). mainly used in the CGS system.
An open circuit refers to resulting in a break in the magnetic flux path. In this state, magnetic field lines cannot form a closed loop, leading to weakened magnetic fields.
Orientation refers to determines the direction and distribution of the magnetic field or flux. Proper orientation is critical to achieving desired magnetic properties and optimizing magnetic systems.
Litera: P
Paramagnetic materials are become magnetized in the direction of the external field due to the alignment of atomic or molecular magnetic moments. The magnetism of these materials vanishes when the external field is removed, distinguishing them from ferromagnetic materials.
Paramagnetism is a property of materials weakly attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetism disappears once the external field is removed, due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
A permanent magnet is a material or object that retains its magnetic properties indefinitely. used in electric motors, generators, magnetic storage devices, and speakers.
Permanent magnets generate a magnetic field without the need for external power. Their durability and stability make them indispensable in many industrial applications.
a characteristic that allows a material to support the formation of a magnetic field. the value of permeability depends on the chemical composition and structure of the material.
Permeance, denoted by the symbol P, is a measure of a material's ability to conduct magnetic flux.
Permeance can be calculated using the formula:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
Permeance can be calculated using the formula:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
Permeance is a key parameter in designing magnetic circuits, especially in applications requiring minimal magnetic losses.
The permeance coefficient is the ratio of remanence (Br) to coercive force (Hd) in a magnetic material. is important for designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Provides protection against corrosion, oxidation, and demagnetization, enhancing the durability of magnets. Thanks to coatings, magnets can be used in harsh environmental conditions.
Polarity describes the orientation of the magnetic field in a neodymium magnet, which has two poles: north and south. Understanding the polarity of magnets is crucial for their proper application and alignment in various magnetic systems.
these poles determine the direction of magnetic force and interactions between magnets. Their location and properties are critical for optimizing performance in magnetic applications.
Pull force, sometimes referred to as gripping force, describes a magnet's ability to maintain attachment. It can be approximately calculated using the formula:
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
Litera: R
Rare earth metals are a group of chemical elements, such as neodymium, which are key components of neodymium magnets. form the basis of innovative technological solutions.
Rare earth magnets, such as neodymium, are known for their exceptional magnetic strength. These magnets are used in industries, medicine, and electronics where strong magnetic fields are required.
Relative permeability is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized compared to a vacuum. is a crucial parameter in magnetic engineering.
Reluctance is a measure of the opposition a magnetic circuit presents to the flow of magnetic flux. is a significant parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic systems.
Reluctance, denoted by the symbol R, measures a magnetic circuit's opposition to magnetic flux.
Reluctance can be calculated using the formula:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Understanding reluctance allows optimization of systems such as electromagnets, transformers, and electric motors.
Reluctance can be calculated using the formula:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Understanding reluctance allows optimization of systems such as electromagnets, transformers, and electric motors.
Remanence, often denoted as Bd, is a measure of the residual magnetism remaining in a neodymium magnet after it has been saturated and the external magnetic field is removed. Allows for assessing the long-term stability and suitability of magnets for various applications.
This occurs due to opposing magnetic fields generated by the magnets, causing them to repel each other. The repulsive force is proportional to the magnetic strength and distance between the magnets.
Includes the use of ferromagnetic materials or magnetic conductors to guide the magnetic field. Is a critical component in designing efficient magnetic circuits.
Litera: S
Shearing force, denoted by the symbol Fs, refers to the force required to displace a magnet along the contact surface in a direction parallel to the contact plane.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
This parameter plays a key role in applications such as magnetic mounts or sliding mechanisms.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
This parameter plays a key role in applications such as magnetic mounts or sliding mechanisms.
The south pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. The south pole of a magnet attracts the north pole of another magnet, demonstrating magnetic attraction.
Stacking refers to the practice of combining multiple neodymium magnets to create an assembly with increased overall magnetic strength. Stacking magnets is commonly employed in applications requiring high magnetic strength.
Litera: T
Tesla is a unit of measurement for magnetic flux density, describing the strength and intensity of a magnetic field. In practice, tesla is used to evaluate magnet performance and design precise magnetic systems.
Anisotropic magnets have a specific direction of magnetization, ensuring higher efficiency compared to isotropic magnets. Isotropic magnets are ideal for general applications due to their flexibility.
Litera: W
Named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber, a German physicist and pioneer of electromagnetic theory. Useful in analyzing magnet effectiveness in applications like generators, motors, and energy storage systems.
The weight of a neodymium magnet is an essential parameter influencing its applications. It can be simply determined based on its density and volume using the formula:
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
For a magnet with a typical density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
For a magnet with a typical density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.