Glossary of magnetic terminology
How to navigate the world of neodymium magnets?
Warm greetings to our extensive glossary dedicated to the fascinating world of neodymium magnets. As a recognized supplier in providing top-notch magnetic solutions, we know how essential it is to have a solid knowledge about the terminology in this specialized field. This glossary has been thoughtfully crafted to serve as an valuable source of information for everyone who is interested in magnets – whether you are an expert, a hobbyist, or a person intrigued by the applications of magnets.
In our glossary, you will find clear and thorough explanations of fundamental concepts and subjects related to neodymium magnets. From the principles of magnetic fields and magnetic induction, to magnetization curves and magnet types, each definition has been designed to expand your understanding and make accessible even the intricate ideas. If you are exploring industrial applications, conducting scientific experiments, or simply learning magnetism, this glossary is here to help you navigate.
Discover the amazing world of neodymium magnets effortlessly. Learn more, find intriguing facts, and discover the applications of these exceptional materials, grasping definitions and concepts that describe their operation and utility. Use this glossary your partner in exploring the dynamic landscape of magnetic technology.
Litera: A
The air gap is the space filled with air that separates a magnet from another object. Increasing the gap weakens the attractive force. Formula: B = μ0(H - M), where:
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
B - magnetic induction,
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
An anisotropic material, e.g., neodymium magnets, has properties dependent on orientation. Magnets with a preferred magnetization direction are stronger than uniform magnets, but they can only be magnetized along a specific axis.
Annealing is a heat treatment process in magnetic materials. It is performed under controlled conditions, usually in a vacuum to prevent material degradation. Annealing improves the structure and allows the material to be tailored to application requirements.
Axial magnetization means that the magnetic poles are located at opposite ends of the magnet, and the lines of force run along the length of the magnet. This configuration is commonly used in ring-shaped and ball-shaped magnets. Formula: Bz = (Br/2) × [(L + 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5 - (L - 2z) / (L² + 4z²)0.5].
Litera: B
Magnetic induction B is the amount of magnetic flux passing through a surface. It is measured in teslas. Formula: B = μ0(H + M), where:
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
μ0 - permeability of free space,
H - external magnetic field strength,
M - magnetization.
The hysteresis loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and field strength. It helps determine properties like magnetic energy loss. The hysteresis loop is a fundamental tool in evaluating materials used in electric motors.
Remanent induction Bd is the remaining magnetization in a material after the magnetizing force is removed. It is measured or gauss and represents the material's ability to retain magnetism.
The slope of the operating line, denoted as Bd/Hd, is the a coefficient describing magnetic permeability. Formula: Bd/Hd = (Br - Hd) / Hd. This is a key parameter in the design of electromagnetic systems.
Bg represents the level of magnetic field in the air gap. It is a critical parameter in designing devices such as sensors and actuators. Formula: Bg = Φ / A, where:
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Φ - magnetic flux,
A - air gap area.
Litera: C
The C.G.S. system of units is primarily used in magnetism for describing material properties. Despite being succeeded by the MKSA (SI) system, C.G.S. is still relevant in historical and specialized analyses. This system includes units for as well as length, mass, and time.
A closed circuit refers to a configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop. It uses high-permeability materials to ensure minimized flux losses. Such circuits are essential in applications requiring controlled magnetic fields.
Coercive force, denoted as Hc, is the necessary strength to demagnetize a material. This parameter measures the material's resistance to demagnetization. Formula: Hc = -M/χ, where:
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
M - magnetization,
χ - magnetic susceptibility.
High coercivity indicates the durability of a material's magnetic properties. It also affects magnetic stability under varying conditions.
Intrinsic coercivity, denoted as Hci or iHc, represents the material's resistance to losing magnetization. It measures the demagnetizing force acting on intrinsic induction (Bi). Materials with high coercivity exhibit long-lasting magnetic characteristics.
Curie temperature is the point at which transition to a paramagnetic state. Beyond this temperature, the material ceases to exhibit strong magnetic behavior. Formula: Tc = (2kB / μ0) × J02 / χ, where:
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
kB - Boltzmann constant,
J0 - magnetic moment.
Litera: D
Demagnetization refers to the process of weakening residual induction in a material. Methods include applying alternating magnetic fields, heating above the Curie temperature. This process is essential in applications requiring complete removal of magnetic properties.
The demagnetization curve illustrates the relationship through cycles of magnetization and demagnetization. It reveals the material's hysteresis characteristics, including stability of magnetic properties. This tool is vital for analyzing magnetic material characteristics.
Demagnetization force refers to the opposing magnetic field that induces demagnetization. This force allows for controlling the level of magnetization in materials.
A demagnetized material is one where all residual magnetization has been removed. This state is achieved through applying alternating magnetic fields. Demagnetization is important in eliminating unwanted magnetic effects.
The density of a neodymium magnet, typically around 7.5 g/cm³, is one of the key parameters defining its magnetic properties. Density can be approximately determined using the formula:
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
ρ = m / V, where:
ρ - density (in g/cm³ or kg/m³),
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms),
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
Example: For a magnet with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 20 cm³, the density is:
ρ = 150 / 20 = 7.5 g/cm³.
Understanding density allows for better parameter selection in various applications.
Diamagnetic materials exhibit no permanent magnetic moment. When exposed to an external field, they generate an opposing field. This behavior results from induced currents within the material.
Diameter refers to the measured in a straight line across the surface of a disc, ring, or spherical magnet. It is a critical parameter in designing magnetic systems.
Diametrically magnetized magnets have creating a circular magnetic field pattern. They are particularly useful in applications requiring unique magnetic field configurations.
Dimensional tolerance specifies the acceptable deviation from specified dimensions. It is crucial for precise fitting.
Dimensions refer to the measurable physical properties of a magnet. Accurate dimensioning is essential for system design.
The direction of magnetization defines the orientation of magnetic domains. This is a critical feature that affects field interactions with other elements.
Domains are zones within a magnetic material where magnetic moments align in the same direction. They can be altered by external magnetic fields, temperature, or stress.
Litera: E
Eddy currents are circulating currents created in conductive materials when exposed to changing magnetic fields. They cause efficiency issues. The use of laminated cores or magnetic shielding minimizes their impact and enhances performance.
An electromagnet is a magnet that relies on an electric coil to produce a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the current. Electromagnets are applied in industries and technologies.
The energy product is an indicator of a magnet's ability to supply energy. It is calculated as the product of magnetic induction (Bd) and magnetizing force (Hd). Expressed in MGOe (Mega Gauss Oersteds) or kJ/m³, it is a critical parameter for evaluating their efficiency in applications.
The energy product represents the maximum energy stored in a magnet. Magnets with higher energy products deliver better efficiency.
Litera: F
Ferrites are substances primarily composed of iron oxide (Fe2O3). Renowned for their high-frequency properties. Used in transformers, inductors, and telecommunication devices.
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by strong magnetic properties. In such materials, atoms align parallel under an external magnetic field. Examples include and their alloys. These materials are fundamental due to their ability to retain magnetization.
Flux density, denoted as B, defines the strength of the magnetic field. Measured in Teslas (T) or Gauss (G), it is a crucial parameter for designing magnetic systems.
A fluxmeter is used to measure magnetic induction (B). It employs various technologies such as the Hall effect or rotating coil techniques. It is essential for diagnostics and design.
Litera: G
Gauss is a unit of magnetic induction. One Gauss (G) equals a smaller scale of magnetic induction. Commonly used in laboratory applications.
A Gauss meter is a instrument used to determine induction at points in space. or other techniques to read values in Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). It is used in many branches of engineering and science.
The Gilbert is named after William Gilbert, a pioneer in magnetic research. One Gilbert represents an older measure now replaced by ampere-turns (At) in the SI system.
The grade of a magnet refers to its magnetic properties, such as BHmax or Hc. Higher grades offer greater resistance to temperatures and demagnetizing forces.
Litera: H
Used for measuring magnetic fields and detecting position. These devices play a crucial role in industrial automation and precision measurements.
Coercive force (Hc) represents the magnetic field strength needed to reduce a material's residual induction (Br) to zero. Expressed in SI units, higher Hc values indicate greater magnetic stability.
Hd denotes the magnetic field strength required to achieve a specific remanent induction (Bd). Measured in oersteds (Oe) or kiloamperes per meter (kA/m).
A high field gradient magnet produces strong and rapidly changing magnetic fields. Applications include and scientific research requiring advanced field parameters.
Hm represents the maximum applied magnetic field strength before a material reaches saturation. It is critical for assessing stability and operational limits of magnetic components.
A homogeneous field is characterized by a lack of intensity variations over a given area. It is crucial for applications requiring precise magnetic fields.
A horseshoe magnet has enhancing the field strength in that region. and applications requiring focused magnetic fields.
Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to an essential parameter for analyzing the magnetic properties of materials. Measured in units of magnetic force.
The hysteresis graph, also called a permeameter, illustrates changes in magnetic induction (B) as a function of magnetizing force (H). It is used in quality control, energy loss analysis.
The hysteresis loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It provides information about the behavior of materials during magnetization cycles.
Hysteresis refers to a characteristic of magnetic materials. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost as heat during magnetization and demagnetization cycles. crucial for designing transformers and motors.
Litera: I
Inner diameter (ID) refers to the distance between the inner surfaces of an object. It is an essential parameter in magnetic circuit design.
Magnetic induction (B) describes the strength of the magnetic field in a material or space. It is measured in standard SI units. Essential for designing and analyzing magnetic systems.
Irreversible losses refer to the effects of high temperatures, mechanical stress, or demagnetizing fields. They result in a decrease in magnetic properties and performance.
An isotropic material is independent of magnetic field orientation. Often compared to anisotropic materials with direction-dependent properties.
Litera: K
A keeper is a soft iron or ferromagnetic element placed on or between the poles of a permanent magnet. It provides a low magnetic resistance path for flux. Used primarily with historical magnet models.
Kilogauss (kG) is a unit used to express magnetic induction or flux density. 1 kilogauss = 1000 Gauss. and industrial sectors requiring strong magnetic fields.
Litera: L
The load line represents a graphical relationship between remanent induction (Bd) and demagnetizing force (Hd). useful for optimizing magnetic applications.
Lodestone is the first known natural magnet. possesses unique properties due to its magnetic domain alignment.
Litera: M
A magnet is an object producing a magnetic field with magnetic poles. widely used in electronics, motors, generators, and magnetic storage devices.
A magnetic assembly is a system comprising various magnetic components. Used in sensors, magnetic separators.
The magnetic axis is an imaginary line within a magnet where the magnetic field is most concentrated or intense. It connects the poles of the magnet and defines the orientation of its magnetic field.
A magnetic circuit is a path through which magnetic flux flows. Comprises magnetic materials, air gaps, and other components.
Magnetic energy is the potential of the magnetic field to perform work. related to the strength of the magnetic field and the volume of space it occupies.
A magnetic field (B) is an area where magnetic materials or electric charges experience a magnetic force. created by magnets or electric currents.
Magnetic field strength (H) is a measure of the magnetizing force applied to a magnetic material. Depends on the current flowing through the conductor.
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a specific area. key in analyzing magnetic circuits and induction phenomena.
Magnetic flux density, denoted as B, is a parameter describing the intensity of the magnetic field at a specific location. It represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
It is expressed by the formula:
B = Φ / A
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla, Gauss)
Φ: Magnetic flux (Weber)
A: Surface area (m²)
For example, with a magnetic flux of 0.01 Weber and an area of 0.1 m², the magnetic flux density is 0.1 Tesla.
A high B value indicates a stronger magnetic field, essential in industrial and medical applications.
Provides key data such as remanence and coercivity. Ideal for applications in transformers and electric motors.
expressed in units like teslas (T) in the SI system or gausses (G) in the CGS system. Magnetic flux density is a key parameter in designing magnetic systems.
A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is an imaginary curve representing the direction and shape of a magnetic field. lines form closed loops for most magnets.
A magnetic path refers to a configuration involving magnetic materials, air gaps, and other elements. minimizes magnetic losses.
Magnetic permeability defines a material's ability to conduct magnetic flux. Materials with high permeability are more effective at concentrating magnetic fields.
Every magnet has a north and south pole. Pole polarity determines attraction and repulsion forces between magnets.
Magnetic saturation describes the maximum magnetic field intensity a material can achieve. This parameter is vital when selecting materials for high-field applications.
It can be achieved using a magnetic field or electric current. The ability to magnetize is crucial in designing permanent magnets and electromagnets.
Magnetization refers to the result of aligning atomic or molecular magnetic moments in a preferred orientation. It can be achieved by exposure to a magnetic field, electric current flow, or contact with other magnets.
A magnetization curve, also called a B-H curve or demagnetization curve, represents the relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic induction (B). Provides critical insights into material characteristics, saturation, and magnetic stability.
Magnetized refers to the state of a material possessing a magnetic field or being magnetized. Magnetized materials exhibit magnetic properties and can attract or repel other magnetic materials.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) is a measure of the difference in magnetic potential. Analogous to electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits.
In magnetism, material refers to classified as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic materials like iron can be permanently magnetized.
Maximum energy product, denoted as BHmax, represents the peak capability of a magnet to store and release magnetic energy.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
BHmax is a critical parameter for evaluating magnet performance, particularly in projects requiring maximum energy efficiency.
The formula for BHmax is:
BHmax = B × H
Where:
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla)
H: Magnetic field strength (A/m)
For a magnet with B = 1.2 T and H = 800 kA/m, BHmax equals 960 kJ/m³.
BHmax is a critical parameter for evaluating magnet performance, particularly in projects requiring maximum energy efficiency.
Maximum operating temperature (Tmax) is the highest temperature at which a magnetic material can operate without significant degradation or loss of magnetic properties. Ensures material stability and performance under specified conditions.
Maxwell is a unit of magnetic flux named after James Clerk Maxwell. critical for historical and scientific magnetic applications.
Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) is a unit used to express the amount of magnetic energy stored in a magnet per unit volume. This unit helps assess the magnetic potential of magnets in complex magnetic circuits.
A monopole refers to a theoretical concept explored in physics, particularly particle physics. So far, monopoles have not been observed in nature.
Litera: N
N rating refers to the classification of neodymium magnets based on their magnetic properties and performance. Higher N ratings correspond to stronger magnets with superior magnetic properties.
The north pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. associated with the direction of outgoing magnetic field lines.
Litera: O
Oersted is named after Hans Christian Oersted, who discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. 1 oersted corresponds to the field that exerts a force of one dyne on a unit magnetic pole at a distance of one centimeter.
An open circuit refers to a condition where a magnetic circuit is not closed or complete. In this state, magnetic field lines cannot form a closed loop, leading to weakened magnetic fields.
Orientation refers to determines the direction and distribution of the magnetic field or flux. Proper orientation is critical to achieving desired magnetic properties and optimizing magnetic systems.
Litera: P
Paramagnetic materials are substances that exhibit paramagnetism and are weakly attracted to magnetic fields. examples include aluminum, manganese, and oxygen.
Paramagnetism is a property of materials weakly attracted to magnetic fields. examples include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen.
A permanent magnet is a material or object that retains its magnetic properties indefinitely. It is made from materials with strong magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys.
Permanent magnets generate a magnetic field without the need for external power. They are used in devices requiring a constant magnetic field, such as speakers, motors, and generators.
a characteristic that allows a material to support the formation of a magnetic field. High permeability enables efficient transmission of magnetic flux, critical for designing magnetic circuits.
Magnetic permeability, denoted by the symbol P, describes the ease with which magnetic flux can flow through a specific magnetic circuit.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
High permeability is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of magnetic systems.
The mathematical formula for permeance is expressed as:
P = (μ × A) / l
Where:
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
For instance, a material with a large cross-sectional area and short magnetic path exhibits high permeance, making it efficient in magnetic applications.
High permeability is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of magnetic systems.
The permeance coefficient is the ratio of remanence (Br) to coercive force (Hd) in a magnetic material. This coefficient impacts magnetic stability and parameters such as the energy product (BHmax) in magnetic circuits.
Provides protection against corrosion, oxidation, and demagnetization, enhancing the durability of magnets. Thanks to coatings, magnets can be used in harsh environmental conditions.
like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract. Understanding the polarity of magnets is crucial for their proper application and alignment in various magnetic systems.
these poles determine the direction of magnetic force and interactions between magnets. define how magnets behave in external fields.
Pull force, sometimes referred to as gripping force, describes a magnet's ability to maintain attachment. It can be approximately calculated using the formula:
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
F = B² × A / (2 × μ₀), where:
F - Pull force (in newtons, N).
B - Magnetic flux density at the magnet's surface (in teslas, T).
A - Contact area of the magnet with the material (in m²).
μ₀ - Permeability of free space (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m).
Example: In the case where the magnetic flux density is 1.2 T, and the magnet's contact area is 0.005 m², the pull force is:
F = (1.2)² × 0.005 / (2 × 4π × 10⁻⁷) ≈ 572 N.
Litera: R
these magnets are known for their exceptional magnetic properties and wide applications. form the basis of innovative technological solutions.
They are made from rare earth elements like neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium. Their high efficiency makes them indispensable in numerous applications.
Relative permeability is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized compared to a vacuum. is a crucial parameter in magnetic engineering.
Magnetic resistance, denoted by the symbol R, measures a magnetic circuit's opposition to magnetic flux.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Understanding reluctance allows optimization of systems such as electromagnets, transformers, and electric motors.
The mathematical formula for reluctance is:
R = l / (μ × A)
Where:
R: Magnetic resistance (1/H)
l: Length of the magnetic path (m)
μ: Magnetic permeability of the material (H/m)
A: Cross-sectional area of the magnetic path (m²)
The larger the magnetic cross-section or permeability, the lower the magnetic resistance.
Understanding reluctance allows optimization of systems such as electromagnets, transformers, and electric motors.
the magnetic equivalent of electrical resistance in current circuits. is a significant parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic systems.
Residual magnetism indicates the magnet's ability to retain its magnetic properties over time. It is a key parameter in evaluating the strength and performance of the magnet.
Repelling refers to the phenomenon where like poles of neodymium magnets (e.g., north to north) exert a force that pushes them apart. Is important in designing systems where avoiding contact between magnets is necessary.
The return path in a magnetic circuit involving neodymium magnets refers to the route through which the magnetic flux travels to complete the magnetic circuit. By designing an effective return path, system efficiency can be maximized, and magnetic losses minimized.
Litera: S
Shearing force, denoted by the symbol Fs, refers to the force required to shift a magnet along the contact surface in a direction parallel to the contact plane.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
Shear force can be calculated using the formula:
Fs = F × tan(θ)
Where:
F: Pull force (N)
θ: Angle of the contact surface (rad)
The greater the angle, the higher the force required to move the magnet.
Shear force is a crucial factor in designing magnetic systems, particularly where high mechanical stability is required.
The south pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. Magnetic field lines flow from the north pole to the south pole, defining interaction properties.
Stacking refers to the practice of combining multiple neodymium magnets to create an assembly with increased overall magnetic strength. Such arrangements enable stronger magnetic interactions and improved performance in various applications, such as magnetic separators, holders, or sensors.
Litera: T
Tesla is a unit of measurement for magnetic flux density, describing the strength and intensity of a magnetic field. In practice, tesla is used to evaluate magnet performance and design precise magnetic systems.
Anisotropic magnets have a specific direction of magnetization, ensuring higher efficiency compared to isotropic magnets. Anisotropic magnets are used in precise devices like electric motors.
Litera: W
Weber is the unit of magnetic flux, representing the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a specific area. It is a critical parameter for evaluating and quantifying magnetic fields and flux in neodymium magnets.
The weight of a neodymium magnet is an essential parameter influencing its applications. It can be simply determined based on its density and volume using the formula:
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
For a magnet with a typical density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.
m = ρ × V, where:
m - mass of the magnet (in grams or kilograms).
ρ - density of the magnet (typically 7.5 g/cm³).
V - volume of the magnet (in cm³ or m³).
For a magnet with a typical density of 7.5 g/cm³ and a volume of 10 cm³, the weight is:
m = 7.5 × 10 = 75 g.
Calculating the weight helps select the right magnet for specific applications.